(en) There has been considerable discussion in the literature of the criteria for and characteristics of fair income distributions either viewed statistically or viewed intertemporally. The three major stands of thought concentrate on fair or equity restrictions on the Bergson welfare function (e.g. the literature concerning the use of the Gini coefficient as a measure of inequality); on fairness as lack of envy in the context of static commodity allocations and on fairness as distributive justice in the sense of a contract theory. On the other hand a common notion central to ideas of fairness is the equality of opportunity and it is of interest to note that in all but the Rawlsian contract theory this concept enters in a secondary rather than primary way.
Simmons, P. (1975). Intertemporal Fairness as Equality of Opportunity (Working Papers Institut des sciences économiques 7518). https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/275972