(en) New technologies tend to integrate physicochemical sensors measuring their close environment to extract information. This thesis in micro-bioelectronics therefore addresses the electrical detection of biolabels. Electronic devices exposure to reactive media first calls for comprehension of chemical and technological constraints conditioning their interfaces. Digital image processing in electronic microscopy here allows for qualifying silver enhancement to the micron-scale of DNA gold nanolabels on anodic alumina thin film. On its side, sensitive electrical detection of granular targets depends upon geometrical and statistical complex aspects, motivating the synthesis of efficient analytical algorithms and models for multilayer supports. The concept finally developed is based on a thinly insulated semiconducting substrate, whose ohmic losses are modulated by the field-effect of labels. Detection then relies on a spectroscopic response linked to the nature and localization of targets on chip, making the Insulated Substrate Impedance Transducer an innovative intelligent sensor.