L'éternel provisoire : analyse de la transformation de la gospodarie et de l'identité paysanne roumaine à Maureni en période de "transition"
(2010)
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- Supervisors
- Reyniers, Alain
- Abstract
- (en) Twenty years ago, the Berlin Wall fell. Twenty years ago, the Rumanian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife were shot. Twenty years ago, Europe celebrated its reunification. Twenty years ago, the villages of Rumania escaped the destruction programmed by the plan of systematization. Twenty years later, in the recently integrated European Union, the Rumanian villages are still said threatened. Archaisms slowing down the step of the "transition" towards the modernity, the Rumanian rural zones populated with "farmers" should "evolve". Symbolic national peculiarity and continuity, they would be to protect. Eternal Rumanian village of which it philosophize L. Blaga praised is he again condemned? What are today the Rumanian farmers? Farmers, peasants, gatherers of strawberries, migrants, poor men, villagers? What do they say and do they make of their village, their homes, their households, their lifestyles? About what is it when we speak about their demise or about their preservation? To answer these questions, my comment focuses on an aspect of the Rumanian rural culture declined in the village: the gospodarie. This shape of "usual and traditional" house of villages is crossed by the Rumanian history tracks of which it carries wears. In Rumania, the gospodarie is not only a rustic house. It is a triple place of social and cultural production. It contains first of all the house but also a kitchen garden, a farmyard and her dependences, sometimes some ha of often cereal ground. It is then about the home, about the wider or nuclear family which lives there. Finally, the gospodarie is in connection with the other homes by a system of exchange, a network of solidarity, of mutual aid. It is thus at the same time a place of life and a lifestyle. That of the gospodar who is often associated with the farmer. The gospodar is a worker. Fruits were pulled by his possessions and of his labour, he succeeds in realizing the autonomy of his home. The gospodarie is not thus unambiguous but multiple. The choice of this red thread to solve the local identical imbroglio was guided by several arguments. Neuralgic because as regards the home, of the domestic and economic activity, the gospodarie is present to the everyday life: it gives rhythm to days, occupies the thoughts and the conversations quite as it guides movements and practices. Then it is an essential element of the local normalization. It is in a way an argument of morality presiding over a shape of distinction in the heart of the rustic community. Besides, it is a major factor of the successive ideological constructions of the Rumanian national identity. Finally, its existence is threatened by the process of European Union accession because of its maladjustment proclaimed in the capitalism which indicates clearly the existence of changes. The gospodarie thus is, according to the prejudice, to include under the angle of its relationship in the space and as reference in the identities in the village. This ethnography of the gospodarie and its contemporary forms in the identical speeches to Maureni articulates in three phases. Having exposed the methodology (chapter 1) on which the study bases, a stake in context (chapter 2) approaches the representations associated with the frequented region and the material presiding over an attempt of construction of a historic model of the gospodar and the gospodarie (chapter 3). Then the analysis of the contemporary maisnie to Maureni and from the speech of its inhabitants to its comment to say himself articulates around three axes. These axes are the elements to which resort the actors to define the gospodarie: the middle of life (the countryside and its exploitation), the everyday life within the house and the exchanges which connect maisnies. It is also a question of putting these axes in diachronic prospect. Indeed, the farming community and the gospodarie have a history among which the countryside and the houses carry certain tracks becoming the support and the tool of identical speeches and the collective memory expressing itself today.
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Citations
Lagneaux, S. (2010). L’éternel provisoire : analyse de la transformation de la gospodarie et de l’identité paysanne roumaine à Maureni en période de “transition”. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/130202