Suffering is frequently regarded as just: the consequence of wrongful conduct and misguided choices. Yet undeserved suffering resists this explanatory framework entirely. This tension is by no means a modern phenomenon; the Old Testament book of Job stands as one of the most compelling instances of this discussion. Job must be read against the backdrop of the so-called – and presumed just – doctrine of retribution: those who do good are rewarded, while evil brings harm. Yet Job confronts the reader with the limits of this doctrine: what of suffering that is undeserved? No definitive answer to this question is offered, however. What remains is a call to avoid evil (Job 28:28).