This thesis investigates how identity and global economic dynamics intersect in shaping development outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa. The first chapter examines how being ethnically distant in Sub-Saharan Africa can be a barrier to accessing the benefits of the global economy. The second chapter studies how the establishment of a gold refinery in Uganda spurred a gold export boom, but at the cost of increased violence in Eastern DRC. The third chapter shows how economic and cultural factors influence how people identify with social groups. Together, these chapters reveal the complex and often fragile relationships between identity, opportunity, and global integration.