The response to the Covid pandemic by the European Union (EU) has been heralded as a Hamiltonian moment for the EU’s constitutional architecture. Agreed in principle by the European Council on 21 July 2020 and adopted on 14 December 2020, Next Generation EU (NGEU) makes available € 750 billion to help Member States and their citizens to recover from the economic consequences of the pandemic. After the asymmetric shock of the Great Financial Crisis, the response to this symmetric crisis saw Member States unite to adopt measures which would make an impact within all of the EU.
Bauerschmidt, J. (2025). NGEU and the Evolution of the European Economic Constitution. In sous la direction de Sébastien Adalid (ed.), Le plan de relance européen et l’impératif de transition écologique et numérique. Bruylant. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/244976