The diversity of social enterprise models: New dynamics at the heart and on the borders of the social economy
(2023) Revue internationale de l’économie sociale : Recma — Vol. 364, n° 2, p. 80-97 (2022)
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- Abstract
- The aim of the ICSEM (International Comparative Social Enterprise Models) research project, implemented between 2013 and 2019, was to identify and compare social enterprise models around the world. Based on an original analytical framework, four main social enterprise models have been identified and then confirmed by an ICSEM database built up through a survey conducted in 43 countries. Thus, the existence of three of the four models—namely the social cooperative model, the entrepreneurial non-profit model, and the social business model—appears to be strongly supported by the empirical analysis in almost all surveyed countries. Furthermore, significant regional specificities emerge, notably in Western Europe.
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Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2023). The diversity of social enterprise models: New dynamics at the heart and on the borders of the social economy. Revue internationale de l’économie sociale : Recma, 364(2), 80-97. https://doi.org/10.3917/recma.364.0080 (Original work published 2022)