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- Abstract
- Over the last few decades, Outer Circle varieties have gained respect among linguists, as witnessed by the “gradual shift from exonormative to endonormative attitudes” (Bruthiaux 2003: 160). And although the Inner Circle may be said to have retained some sort of imperialistic role (see Phillipson 1992), there is now general agreement that, as norm-developing varieties, the varieties from the Outer Circle may display features which differ from those of standard native English, but are still acceptable. By contrast, Expanding Circle varieties continue to be viewed essentially as norm-dependent, exonormative varieties, in which departures from the Inner Circle norm are almost invariably condemned as “errors”. This paper sets out to discuss the status of non-standard uses in the Outer and Expanding Circles, with particular emphasis on prepositional and phrasal verbs. Using corpus data from the International Corpus of English (ICE) for the Outer Circle and from the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) for the Expanding Circle, I will show that identical non-standard forms can be found in both circles (e.g. 'cope up with'), but also similar processes of creation (e.g. form-meaning realignments). The literature, however, labels such phenomena very differently depending on who produces them, which points to a “double standard” situation. The position that will be defended in this paper is that, while the notion of “error” in the Expanding Circle is essential to maintain, creative uses among foreign learners are also possible (though unlikely to lead to conventionalised innovations, cf. Van Rooy forthcoming) and should be recognised as such.
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Gilquin, G. (2010). The status of non-standard forms in the Outer and Expanding Circles. 16th Annual Conference of the International Association for World Englishes (IAWE 16), Vancouver. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/225583