Identity is a concept often used in political science. Measuring national and subnational identities is done frequently in countries facing discussion about territorial (re)organization. In Belgium there is also a tradition of measuring national and subnational identities, most often by using the Linz-Moreno question. In this paper we compare three different types of measurements and conclude that they do not exactly measure the same phenomenon.
Deschouwer, K., De Winter, L., Dodeigne, J., Reuchamps, M., & Sinardet, D. (2015). Measuring (sub)national identities in surveys. Some lessons from Belgium. Fourth edition of the conference BELGIUM: THE STATE OF THE FEDERATION, Liège. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/225389