In a letter written in 1998, John Rawls invites Europeans to give up the project of constructing a federal union that would make Europe more like the United States. This invitation is consistent with the approach to justice he developed in The Law of Peoples. By contrast, both Thomas Nagel’s approach and an understanding of social justice as global justice lead to a more ambitious interpretation of the demands of distributive justice within the European Union that calls for the pursuit of European integration. Further integration of the required sort would need to make European institutions more like those of the United States in three respects: a transfer union, a common electoral space, a shared language. However, given the trap, insightfully anticipated by Friedrich Hayek, in which the European Union finds itself today, even those inclined to adopt Rawls’s approach to justice may be well advised to opt for a similar strategy.