(en) The dissertation explores the creation of new rights by a transnational peasant movement, Via Campesina. It analyzes the various conceptions of human rights that circulate among peasant activists and shows how these conceptions are distinct from that of right to food defenders. Three case studies are presented in the first part of the thesis: the right to food sovereignty, the rights of peasants, and the right to food. The dissertation then looks at the challenges faced by social actors who use the human rights framework, and in particular at the strategies used to overcome its limitations. On the other hand, it looks at the impacts of the emergence of transnational peasant movements on the content of the human right to adequate food.