Systematic review on trace processing and forensic science contributions. Part I: Decision-making steps

Divoy, John;Lemans, Inès;Bitzer, Sonja
(2026) Forensic Science International : an international journal dedicated to the applications of genetics in the administration of justice — Vol. 381, p. 112843 (2026)

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Abstract
Trace processing in forensic investigations involves key decision-making steps, starting with the decision to attend a crime scene to the analysis of a trace. Each stage is shaped by a combination of human, organisational, and contextual factors, and involves various stakeholders with diverse backgrounds and priorities, all of whom act as decision-makers at different points in the process. However, the complexity of decision-making in trace processing remains underexplored, with limited studies offering a comprehensive review of the entire workflow. As the first of a two-parts study focusing on decision making in trace processing linked to the broader contribution of forensic science, this study presents the results of a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of 229 studies examining the decision-making process throughout trace processing. The review investigates four key stages: (1) crime scene attendance, often influenced by the offense type, policies, and case specifics; (2) trace detection, determined by physical and environmental conditions, prior knowledge, and search methods (3) trace selection and collection, notably shaped by case priorities, triaging, and expected utility; and (4) trace analysis, guided by trace characteristics, resources, and investigative goals. A broader focus on the process as a whole highlights how human factors, including expertise and cognitive biases, intersect with decision-making. The findings underscore significant variability in practices, notably driven by jurisdictional policies and training disparities. Additionally, the review identifies persistent gaps in procedural consistency, resource allocation, and forensic awareness. As early stages of the process shape subsequent steps, deficiencies in knowledge and practices at these stages can adversely affect the entire criminal justice process. By synthesising current practices and identifying research gaps, this study offers an integrative overview of the factors shaping decision-making in trace processing.
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Divoy, J., Lemans, I., & Bitzer, S. (2026). Systematic review on trace processing and forensic science contributions. Part I: Decision-making steps. Forensic Science International : an international journal dedicated to the applications of genetics in the administration of justice, 381, 112843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112843 (Original work published 2026)