Field effect measurements on Li-doped ZnO single crystals at room temperature, revealed slow traps allowing the field induced conductivity to decay even in vacuum. By comparing with the behavior of undoped crystals, it is shown that (i) the fast states are almost unaffected by doping and (ii) that the slow traps are to be connected to the presence of the Li. From kinetic considerations of the slow decay of the field induced conductivity, it is concluded that the decay mechanism is essentially the same as for the photoinduced conductivity.
van Hove, H. J. (1970). Slow field induced relaxation on pure and Li-doped ZnO. Surface Science, 22(1), 76-92. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/44929 (Original work published 1970)