(en) The phenomenon of corporate group is a familiar characteristic of European, Canadian and Japanese industrial organization. It is a situation where a number of industrial companies, though legally autonomous, act under common control. The controlling corporation, usually known as the parent or head company and the controlled corporations - its subsidiaries or affiliates - constitute together the industrial group.
Encaoua, D., & Jacquemin, A. (1981). Organizational Efficiency and Monopoly Power : The case of French Industrial Groups (Working Papers Institut des sciences économiques 8110). https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/278836