After 25 years of tergiversations Belgium finally saw its youth justice system reorganised into a hybrid model by the new federal legislation of 2006. Besides a presentation of this top down criminalisation, our contribution focuses, for the two linguistic communities, on trends in sanctioning practices. These trends will then be contextualised within broader movements: the maintenance of a welfare model that nevertheless is oriented towards an ideal of activation; the deployment of a liberal-conservative discourse osculating between children's rights and punitive concerns; the return of the victim encouraging a restorative approach counterbalanced however by the weight of a punitive oriented victim consciousness.
Cartuyvels, Y., Christiaens, J., De Fraene, D., & Dumortier, E. (2009). Developments in youth justice in Europe. Déviance et société, 33(3), 271-293. https://doi.org/10.3917/ds.333.0271 (Original work published 2009)