Laparoscopic nephrolithotomy was used as an alternative to open surgery in a patient who had failed extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy and whose anteriorly located stone-bearing calix precluded percutaneous extraction. Endocavitary ultrasonography and color Doppler render the procedure safe and effective; localization of the stone, selection of an optimal nephrotomy site away from large vessels and where cortical thickness is minimal, and control of fragment clearance are greatly facilitated.
Van Cangh, P., Abi-Aad, A., Lorge, F., Wese, F.-X., & Opsomer, R.-J. (1995). Laparoscopic nephrolithotomy: the value of intracorporeal sonography and color Doppler. Urology, 45(3), 516-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80027-2 (Original work published 1995)