In a small, isolated population of the natterjack toad in southern Belgium, some features of demography and reproductive behaviour were atypical. Fecundity (about 2000 eggs per clutch) and adult survival rate (27%, compared with typical values of 50-80%) were both very low. Population age-structure was skewed towards young toad (2-4 years) and mate reproductive success was apparently independent of calling activity and the length of chorus attendance. These characteristics are interpreted in terms of isolation and small population size, and could indicate that the population is under stress.
Stevens, V. M., Wesselingh, R., & Baguette, M. (2003). Demographic processes in a small, isolated population of natterjack toads (Bufo calamita) in southern Belgium. Herpetological Journal. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/60906