Development and validation of the CARE-DM model to predict the cardiovascular risk in older persons with type 2 diabetes
(2026) European Journal of Preventive Cardiology — Vol. 33, n° 1, p. 44-52 (2025)
Files
HenrardDevelopment.pdf
Open Access - Adobe PDF
- 782.38 KB
Details
- Authors
Aponte Ribero, Valerie 
Efthimiou, Orestis Alwan, Heba Bauer, Douglas C Gencer, Baris
- Abstract
- AIMS: No cardiovascular risk prediction model dedicated to individuals aged ≥70 years with diabetes is currently recommended by the European Society of Cardiology. We aimed to develop a new model, CArdiovascular Risk Estimation-Diabetes Mellitus (CARE-DM), to predict the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older adults with type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed a model to predict the risk of incident CVD in participants aged ≥65 years with diabetes using data from four population-based prospective cohorts, accounting for the competing risk of non-cardiovascular death. Pre-specified predictors were age, gender, smoking status, alcohol consumption, body mass index, total and HDL cholesterol, use of antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering and glucose-lowering medication, diabetes duration, and glycated haemoglobin. We assessed model performance using measures of calibration and discrimination. We used a 10-fold cross-validation and a bootstrapping approach to correct estimates for optimism and conducted an internal-external cross-validation. A total of 6943 participants (median age 72 years, 56% women) with diabetes were included in the model development. Over a median follow-up of 6.3 (interquartile range 3.7, 7.2) years, 1204 (17.3%) participants experienced a CVD event. Internal validation with optimism correction showed adequate model performance with a C-index of 0.65 (95% confidence interval 0.63-0.67), an observed-to-expected ratio of 1.01 (0.95-1.08), and a calibration slope of 1.13 (0.95-1.31) at 5 years. CONCLUSION: The new CARE-DM model allows prediction of the incident CVD risk in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Independent external validation should be conducted to confirm the model's performance before implementation in clinical practice.
- Affiliations
Citations
Aponte Ribero, V., Efthimiou, O., Alwan, H., Bauer, D. C., Henrard, S., Waeber, G., Marques-Vidal, P., Rodondi, N., Del Giovane, C., & Gencer, B. (2026). Development and validation of the CARE-DM model to predict the cardiovascular risk in older persons with type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 33(1), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf296 (Original work published 2025)