This chapter retraces the original resistance to field research and empirical methods in French-speaking education research due to the dominance of the inequalities and social reproduction macrosociological paradigm. However, the combined effects of critical sociology, shifts in educational policy as well as the influence of other disciplines brought about an interest in social actors and actual educational processes. Ethnography has played a significant role in this renewal, though rather than being taken up as a new discipline it has mainly been used within sociology as a set of tools adapted and 'creolized' to fit with contextual factors, existing research traditions and national political priorities.
Raveaud, M., & Draelants, H. (2011). Ethnographies of Education in the French-Speaking World. In Kathryn Anderson-Levitt (Ed.) (ed.), Anthropologies of Education. A Global Guide to Ethnographic Studies of Learning and Schooling. Berghahn Press. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/153011