This article studies how Belgian and Dutch parties regulate demands for representation by women and ethnic minorities, and how this influences the representation of intersectional groups. We argue that demands for representation by multiple groups bring competition into play. Ethnic minorities have found it particularly difficult to integrate into electoral politics in Belgium where parties maintain a stricter hierarchy of gender over ethnicity. Dutch parties are somewhat more open, but more so for minority women than for minority men.
Celis, K., & Erzeel, S. (2013). Gender and Ethnicity : Intersectionality and the Politics of Group Representation in the Low Countries. Representation : journal of representative democracy, 49(4), 487-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2013.850780 (Original work published 2013)