Universal Dependencies (UD) is a linguistic theory for consistent morphosyntactic annotation of the world’s languages as well as a project collecting and publishing corpora (treebanks) annotated in accordance with the theory, covering a large number of languages and families. This chapter brie y describes the basic tenets of UD. It starts by explaining the main concept in UD, dependency relation between words, and the principles along which the taxonomy of UD relations is organized. Next, the morphosyntactic word is discussed as the main unit, together with word-level properties such as part-of-speech categories and features, illustrated on examples. Finally, a brief overview of the resources built by the UD community is given.
de Marneffe, M.-C., Manning, C. D., Nivre, J., Zeman, D., & et al. (2025). Universal Dependencies. In Collectif (ed.), Reference Module in Social Sciences. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95504-1.01150-9