The European Community (EC) telecommunications reform is often presented as a shift from regulation to competition. Yet some pieces of European regulation have been introduced in replacement of the national rules. More importantly, the EC liberalisation rules (competition) may not easily be distinguished from those adopted in the framework of harmonisation (regulation).
Nihoul, P. (1998). EC Telecommunications : Towards A New Regulatory Paradigm. In Proceedings of the 37th European Telecommunications Congress (p. p. 43-52). University of London. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/64603