Our study shows that exposure to hard water and infant swimming interact with atopic status to increase the prevalence of childhood eczema. A breaching of the epidermal barrier by detergents or salts in hard water and by chlorine-based oxidants in swimming pool water might explain these interactions.
Chaumont, A., Voisin, C., Sardella, A., & Bernard, A. (2012). Interactions between domestic water hardness, infant swimming and atopy in the development of childhood eczema. Environmental Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.04.013