Femtosecond surface structure modifications are investigated under irradiation with laser pulses of 150 fs at 800 nm, on copper and silicon. We report sub-wavelength periodic structures formation (ripples) with a periodicity of 500 nm for both materials. These ripples are perpendicular to the laser polarization and can be obtained with only one pulse. The formation of these ripples corresponds to a fluence threshold of 1 J/cm2 for copper and 0.15 J/cm2 for silicon. We find several morphologies when more pulses are applied: larger ripples parallel to the polarization are formed with a periodicity of 1 μm and degenerate into a worm-like morphology with a higher number of pulses. In addition, walls of deep holes also show sub-wavelength and large ripples.
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Guillermin, M., Garrelie, F., Sanner, N., Audouard, E., & Soder, H. (2007). Single- and multi-pulse formation of surface structures under static femtosecond irradiation. Applied Surface Science, 253(19), 8075-8079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.02.093 (Original work published 2007)