Trilingüismo en regiones andinas de Bolivia
(2011)
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- Abstract
- (en) This research on trilingualism has been developed following the sociolinguistic approach that analyzes language communities, language groups and multilingual speakers in the Aymara and Quechua regions of Bolivia, so that to determine the features and models of the transversal trilingualism (a native language-Castilian-English). The methodology applied is both quantitative and qualitative; the data were collected by using questionnaires, focus groups and interviews. This trilingualism study began by taking both Aymara/Quechua–Castilian (Spanish) communities in interaction, as an endogenous dynamic; as well Castilian–English language relationship as an exogenous dynamic. In the first stage, these kinds of dynamics demonstrated three sociolinguistic situations, namely, triglossia, plurilingualism and multilingualism. Triglossia is a result of language societalizing, which takes into account a set of languages and Bolivian society at the macro level of sociolinguistics. Plurilingualism, on the other hand, is the product of language communitarizing, and it considers each language and its community as the meso level. Finally, multilingualism is found as an outcome of language individualizing; it takes into account the languages and the individual speaker at the micro level. The above mentioned situations show three sorts of sociolinguistic processes: language hierarchization, distribution and acquisition. Triglossia as a societal category shows the hierarchization of languages in lower, upper and hyper ranks; plurilingualism implies the distribution of languages in several communities; finally, multilingualism analyzes the language acquisition by individuals. In the second stage, we identified thirteen trilingualism features, which are divided in three societal features, four “communital” features and six individual ones. In the third stage, we found two models of trilingualism, as theoretical results: (1) Introductive trilingualism or trilingualism with underlying monolingualism, and (2) Cooperative trilingualism or trilingualism with underlying bilingualism related to its ethnic identity. The first model is constructed taking into account the degree of language vehicularity, which is linearly compounded by a vernacular language (Aymara/Quechua), a vehicular language (Castilian) and one global language (English), all those according to the individual speaker and the speaking group relationship. The second model is circular and it has been made up by the bilingualism between an indigenous language (Aymara/Quechua) and a State language (Castilian), plus one elective foreign language (English/French/Others). In brief, we present two social roles of language: communication and identity construction. Nowadays, Bolivia’s sociolinguistic scenario puts in evidence the relationship between both of them.
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Laime Ajacopa, T. (2011). Trilingüismo en regiones andinas de Bolivia. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/149022