Members of the Bacillaceae family are endospore-forming, ubiquitous bacteria known to occupy a large spectrum of environmental and animal niches, from the notorious pathogen Bacillus anthracis to the alkaliphilic and extremely halotolerant Oceanobacillus iheyensis isolated from deep-sea sediment. Although these bacteria can survive long periods of harsh conditions as highly resistant spores, they have developed numerous strategies to circumvent their versatile environments and to adapt to their changing lifestyles: they can move about, uptake extracellular DNA, exchange genetic information, produce extracellular matrices or secrete toxins, or they can even “communicate” with each other and “make decisions” for certain social behaviours. This chapter illustrates the specialized life cycles, the optimized physiological behaviours and the horizontal gene exchange among representatives of the Bacillaceae family, focusing on the adaptive ecology and particular lifestyles of Bacillus species.
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