Galectins released by tumor cells and macrophages can bind surface glycoproteins of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), forming glycoprotein-galectin lattices with immunosuppressive activities. Specifically, TILs covered by galectin-3 are unable to secrete cytokines after stimulation. Treating TILs ex vivo with galectin antagonists for a few hours boosts their functions. Several galectin antagonists are currently available for clinical trials.
Gordon-Alonso, M., Demotte, N., & van der Bruggen, P. (2014). Sugars boost exhausted tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by counteracting immunosuppressive activities of galectins. OncoImmunology, 3(5), e28783. https://doi.org/10.4161/onci.28783 (Original work published 2014)