The focus on female MPs and leftist and feminist issues in traditional studies of women's substantive representation has supported the overall conclusion that women, feminists and left-wing parties promote women's interests in parliament. But our analysis of the ‘critical actors’ in women's substantive representation in 10 European countries confirms this finding only to a certain extent. Our inductive research design reveals an important group of less obvious actors: non-left, non-feminist and male MPs. That they speak out on behalf of women points to the necessity of revisiting our theories on women's substantive representation.
Celis, K., & Erzeel, S. (2015). Beyond the Usual Suspects: Non-Left, Male and Non-Feminist MPs and the Substantive Representation of Women. Government and Opposition : an international journal of comparative politics, 50(1), 45-64. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2013.42 (Original work published 2015)