This paper explains and compares different models describing the evolution of the impedance of complex shaped conductors with low and with high frequencies. Indeed, at low frequencies, the evolution of the impedance of conductors with the frequency is negligible whereas at high frequencies, it is quite significant and generally well-known. Parameterized models, based on the diffusion equation or on phenomenological approaches, are applied on complex shaped conductors, with a variable or not section. The parameters are found by identification with finite elements models. It is shown that simple phenomenological approaches gives accurate models with few parameters.
Kluyskens, V., & Dehez, B. (2010). Comparison between models predicting the evolution of the electrical impedance with the frequency. International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications, 39, 973-982. https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.680 (Original work published 2010)