An explicit variational principle (EVP) for the propagation constant of EM waves is compared with four numerical tools: the Newton-Raphson algorithm solving a transcendental equation, the spectral domain approach (SDA) applied to rite Galerkin method, the 3-D simulator HFSS from XP, and rite finite element method (FEM). Each tool analyses a different planar topology : a lossy dielectric slab supporting surface waves, a planar slotline modelled by transmission line parameters (TLP), a multilayered high-loss co-planar waveguide, and a shielded microstrip line. For these various structures, rite EVP is more efficient than previous tools yielding the propagation constant, its explicit form and variational nature yield a drastic reduction of the number of iterations.
Huynen, I., & Stockbroeckx, B. (1998). Variational principles compete with numerical iterative methods for analyzing distributed electromagnetic structures. Annales des Télécommunications, 53(3-4), 95-103. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/41946 (Original work published 1998)