Substrate-dependent calcium plating on late-transition and p-block metals

Monnens, Wouter;Markowski, Robert;Kachmar, Andrii;Zhou, Zhenyu;Fransaer, Jan;et.al.
(2026) EES Batteries — (2026)

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Abstract
Calcium-based batteries are attracting growing interest as potential alternatives to lithium-ion technology due to their elemental abundance, low cost, and high volumetric capacity. While the majority of research thus far has focussed on electrolyte development to enable reversible calcium plating and stripping, the role of the negative electrode substrate has received comparatively little attention. Interfacial interactions between plated calcium and the current collector can strongly influence nucleation behaviour, deposit morphology, and electrochemical reversibility, yet remain poorly understood. By systematically comparing early-stage calcium plating on a range of late-transition and p-block metal substrates, this work provides experimental insight into how substrate chemistry governs alloy formation, nucleation density, and interfacial polarization. These observations contribute to a more detailed understanding of calcium–substrate interactions and may help inform future studies on electrode and interface design in calcium-based battery systems.
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Monnens, W., Markowski, R., Kachmar, A., Zhou, Z., Heyns, R., Vlad, A., Binnemans, K., & Fransaer, J. (2026). Substrate-dependent calcium plating on late-transition and p-block metals. EES Batteries. Submitted. https://doi.org/10.1039/d6eb00039h (Original work published 2026)