New experimental data on double-ionization cross sections of neutral atoms, positive and negative ions by electron impact are reported. These and other relevant data are compared with recent multiple-ionization semiempirical formulae extended for the case of two-electron ionization. Theory gives analytical dependence of the double-ionization cross sections on the main parameters of the collision system in a wide energy range. Far the He atom, He-like ions and H- ion high-energy asymptotic behaviour of the double-ionization cross sections are considered on the basis of a quantum mechanical treatment. Suggested cross section scaling for fast collisions, employing a target-effective nuclear charge, is in good agreement with experimental data.
Belenger, C., Defrance, P., Salzborn, E., Shevelko, V. P., Tawara, H., & Uskov, D. B. (1997). Double ionization of neutral atoms, positive and negative ions by electron impact. Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, 30(11), 2667-2679. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/30/11/017 (Original work published 1997)