External Fixation for War-Related Mandibular Fractures in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Retrospective Study of 91 Patients.
(2026) Journal of Clinical Medicine — Vol. 15, n° 2, p. 736 [1-20] (2026)
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Mukamba, Franck Masumbuko 
- Abstract
- BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: War-related mandibular injuries result in extensive soft-tissue damage, severe comminution, and bone loss, and are associated with high rates of infection and delayed healing. No universally accepted management protocol exists for these injuries. External fixation is commonly used in this context, particularly when internal fixation is unavailable or contraindicated. This study aimed to analyze injury patterns, treatment outcomes, and complications of war-related mandibular fractures treated with external fixation as a primary and definitive stabilization method in a resource-limited setting in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients who sustained war-related mandibular fractures and were treated with external fixation between January 2017 and December 2024 at the Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu. Demographic data, injury characteristics, treatment details, outcomes, and complications were collected. Factors associated with delayed union and fracture-related infection were evaluated using univariate analysis. RESULTS: Ninety-one patients with severe mandibular war injuries were included. High-velocity gunshot wounds accounted for 94.5% of injuries. Clinical evidence of wound infection at admission was present in 29.7% of patients. The mean delay between injury and external fixation was 9.2 ± 6.6 days. Successful bone healing without secondary bone procedures was achieved in 71 patients (78.0%), with a mean healing time of 7.6 ± 3.0 weeks. Delayed bone grafting was required in 20 patients (22.0%), performed at a mean of 77.3 ± 30.5 days after initial fixation. The overall complication rate was 36.3%, with fracture-site infection being the most frequent complication (30.8%). Bone loss at presentation, clinical infection at admission, and the need for bone grafting were significantly associated with fracture-related infection (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: War-related mandibular fractures in this series were characterized by severe comminution, bone loss, infection, and delayed presentation. Despite these challenges, external fixation provided acceptable fracture healing and functional outcomes. Small orthopedic external fixators represent a pragmatic and effective treatment option for complex mandibular war injuries in resource-limited settings.
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Citations
Mukamba, F. M., Muhindo, L., Bisimwa, M.-H., Budema, P., Cikomola, F., Kuyigwa, G., Cornu, O., Reychler, G., Reychler, H., & Olszewski, R. (2026). External Fixation for War-Related Mandibular Fractures in a Resource-Limited Setting: A Retrospective Study of 91 Patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 15(2), 736 [1-20]. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15020736 (Original work published 2026)