New catalysts for the enantioselective addition of diorganozinc compounds to aldehydes and imines
(2005)
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- (en) This PhD thesis deals with the activation of diorganozinc compounds by asymmetric catalysts in the framework of their enantioselective addition on carbon oxygen and carbon nitrogen double bonds. The properties of several new catalysts systems were investigated. Several chiral sulfonamido alcohols derived from (S)-leucinol and (1S) 3 aminoisoborneol were synthesized to cover a range of electronic and steric properties. These were evaluated in the addition of Et2Zn to N phosphinoyl and N sulfonyl-imines, but they did not provide any acceptable yields or enantioselectivities while used in stoichiometric quantities. Their catalytic properties were also investigated for the addition of Et2Zn to benzaldehyde. Unfortunately, only modest enantiocontrol (max. 47% ee) could be obtained with 10mol% of chiral ligand. We investigated another approach based on the possible activation of the nucleophilicity of dialkylzinc compounds towards benzaldehyde by fluoride anion. The combination of stoichiometric amount of an inorganic fluoride salt and a substoichiometric amount of a phase transfer catalyst (10mol% of crown ether 18 C 6) provided non-negligible rate acceleration. However, an asymmetric version of this catalytic system was not considered. Following our discovery of the activation provided by the fluoride anion, metal fluoride complexes were tapped as potential catalysts. In particular, copper(I) fluoride complex, (Ph3P)3CuF, was shown to accelerate the reaction on benzaldehyde. After screening a range of ligands, the combination of (Ph3P)3CuF and chiral BINAP in catalytic amounts (1mol%) was found to catalyze efficiently the Et2Zn addition on aromatic aldehydes. Yields were good but enantiocontrol was modest (49-63% ee). An improved copper fluoride-based catalyst was developed by combining a copper salt, a fluoride source and a chiral diphosphine ligand. Optimization of this second generation catalyst was carried out (copper source, fluoride source, chiral ligand, relative stoichiometries of catalyst's precursors, catalyst's loading, solvent, temperature) and applied to a range of aldehydes (upto 87% ee). A mechanism was proposed based on literature data and experimental observations. The influence of the counterion was then thoroughly explored by assessing the catalytic potential of various copper complexes in combination with chiral BINAP in the Et2Zn addition to benzaldehyde. Copper(II) diketonates provided good enantiocontrol (upto 88% ee) which could be improved even further by using optically active copper diketonates in a matched combination with chiral BINAP (upto 91% ee). This new system was applied to control the addition of Et2Zn to a range of aldehydes with a low catalyst loading (0.5mol%). A mechanism was proposed to explain a series of experimental observations.
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Hoet, J. (2005). New catalysts for the enantioselective addition of diorganozinc compounds to aldehydes and imines. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/129835