The operating conditions in conventional, that is, gravitational fluidized bed reactors are determined and limited by the use of earth gravity. Internal mass and heat transfer limitations can be encountered by the impossibility to fluidize smaller size particles, the van der Waals forces becoming too important compared to the weight of the particle bed in the earth gravity field and the counteracting drag force. External mass and heat transfer limitations can be encountered by the impossibility to work at higher gassolid slip velocities. With heterogeneous (catalytic) reactions, as well internal as external mass or heat transfer limitations may impose limitations on reaction rates and, for example, the activity of the catalyst.
De Wilde, J. (2008). Novel Routes to Fluidized Bed Process Intensification Using a Centrifugal Field. 10th International Conference on Microreaction Technology, p. 338-339. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/218934