Direct extraction and characterization of microbial community DNA through PCR amplicon surveys and metagenomics has revolutionized the study of environmental microbiology and microbial ecology. In particular, metagenomic analysis of nucleic acids provides direct access to the genomes of the “uncultivated majority.” Accelerated by advances in sequencing technology, microbiologists have discovered more novel phyla, classes, genera, and genes from microorganisms in the first decade and a half of the twenty-first century than since these “many very little living animalcules” were first discovered by van Leeuwenhoek.
Nesme, J., Achouak, W., Agathos, S. N., Bailey, M., Baldrian, P., Brunel, D., Frostegård, Å., Heulin, T., Jansson, J. K., Jurkevitch, E., Kruus, K. L., Kowalchuk, G. A., Lagares, A., Lappin-Scott, H. M., Lemanceau, P., Le Paslier, D., Mandic-Mulec, I., Murrell, J. C., Myrold, D. D., et al. (2016). Back to the Future of Soil Metagenomics. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7(1), 73 [1-5]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00073 (Original work published 2016)