Autonomous frequency containment reserves from energy constrained loads : a system perspective

Latiers, Arnaud
(2016)

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Authors
  • Latiers, ArnaudUCLouvain
    author
Supervisors
Glineur, François
 ;
De Jaeger, Emmanuel
Abstract
Our fossil-fueled societies have to rapidly evolve towards decarbonized energy systems. Soon, we will rely on a more evanescent form of energy: the sun rays. As the morning comes and the night falls, this source of energy is intermittent, which is of particular concern to electric energy systems as electrical power cannot be easily stored. Demand-Side Management represents an alternative and is the focus of this work. We study the flexible capacity offered by a group of small electric loads faced with energy constraints and providing a service known as Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR), an essential part of power system short-term stability. The loads adapt their power consumption autonomously based on measurements they acquire in their local environment. The control framework is designed such that a certain order appears from the apparent chaos. As a consequence of the load’s energy constraints, the amount of energy that can be shifted in time by the load group is limited. This induces a specific kind of control error called energy rebound which has technical and economic consequences both in the short-term as well as in the long-term (year-long). Those consequences are assessed through the use of aggregate models. These are simple mathematical structures that accurately represent the behavior of the group with reduced computational efforts. We propose two original families of aggregate models that are relative to two control frameworks. Altogether, we show that load control is economically efficient when applied to the loads with adequate characteristics. Addressing only the most interesting loads is crucial for ensuring an overall positive societal impact.
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Latiers, A. (2016). Autonomous frequency containment reserves from energy constrained loads : a system perspective. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/108641