Acetate was shown to improve glucose fermentation in Lactococcus lactis deficient in lactate dehydrogenase. C-13 and H-1 nuclear magnetic resonance studies using [2-C-13]glucose and [2-C-13]acetate as substrates demonstrated that acetate was exclusively converted to ethanol. This novel pathway provides an alternative route for NAD(+) regeneration in the absence of lactate dehydrogenase.
Hols, P., Ramos, A., Hugenholtz, J., Delcour, J., de Vos, W., Santos, H., & Kleerebezem, M. (1999). Acetate utilization in Lactococcus lactis deficient in lactate dehydrogenase: a rescue pathway for maintaining redox balance. Journal of Bacteriology, 181(17), 5521-5526. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/140444 (Original work published 1999)