The literature on labor utilization and nonwage labor costs is extended to incorporate recent approaches to macroeconomic disequilibrium modeling based on the "smoothing by aggregation" principle. This leads to a reformulation of the basic Sneessens-Dreze type model by treating employment and working hours as separate inputs. The inclusion of nonwage labor costs serves a double purpose: first, they represent a restriction in the profit maximizing process and, second, they serve as a proxy for the fixity of labor. The results differ substantially from simulation studies that disregard the utilization of labor and the nonlinear structure of labor costs.
Entorf, H., Konig, H., & Pohlmeier, W. (1992). Labor Utilization and Nonwage Labor Costs in a Disequilibrium Macro Framework. The Scandinavian journal of economics, 94(1), 71-83. https://doi.org/10.2307/3440469 (Original work published 1992)