The formulation of three nonlinear control laws is presented for the control of ethanol concentration in a bakers' yeast fed-batch fermentation. The simulation results show that the adaptive version gives superior performance in the presence of modeling uncertainties. It is shown also that a fixed-parameter nonlinear controller incorporating integral action is acceptable but is more difficult to tune.
Pomerleau, Y., Perrier, M., & Dochain, D. (1989). Adaptive nonlinear control of the Baker’s yeast fed-batch fermentation. Proc. 1989 American Control Conference, Invited Session on Intelligent Systems and Advanced Control Strategies in Biotechnology, 2, 2424-2429. https://hdl.handle.net/2078.5/60242 (Original work published 1989)