In this paper neural networks are used as associative memories to build an expert system for aiding medical diagnosis. As in expert systems using symbolic manipulation, the knowledge is introduced by a knowledge engineer using a collection of known cases. The system has an object-oriented approach to knowledge organization and the resulting network topology. Fuzzy sets are used to interpret connection values and/or excitation state of the units. The main result is that the proposed neural network allows not only finding a solution in some cases, but also suggests obtaining more clinical data if the data available is insufficient to reach a conclusion. This approach is illustrated by examples.
Barreto, J. M., & de Azevedo, F. M. (1993). Connectionist expert systems as medical decision aid. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 5(6), 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/0933-3657(93)90041-Z (Original work published 1993)