The influence of nitridation temperature on aluminovanadate catalyst synthesized by coprecipitation has been studied by XPS. This work presents the change in the vanadium environment (from the emission V2p(3/2)) and the evolution of the nitrogen multi-components signal (from the emission N1s). The results show that vanadium is present in the oxynitride in two forms: a reduced oxidation state VOx and a nitride V3+ species and that nitride nitrogen appears from 773 K.
Wiame, H., Bois, L., Lharidon, P., Laurent, Y., & Grange, P. (1997). Synthesis and XPS characterization of a novel aluminovanadate oxynitride basic catalyst: influence of nitridation temperature. Solid State Ionics, 101, 755-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00291-9 (Original work published 1997)