In this note, an extremum-seeking controller is developed to steer a periodic system to orbits that maximize a functional of interest for a class of differentially flat nonlinear systems. The problem is posed as a real-time optimal trajectory generation problem in which the optimal orbit is computed using an extremum-seeking approach. Using the flatness property of the dynamics, the original dynamic optimization problem is transformed to a parameterized optimization problem which can be solved in real-time to approximate the optimal orbit. The control algorithm provides tracking of the optimal orbit. A drug delivery control problem is considered to demonstrate the application of the technique.
Guay, M., Dochain, D., Perrier, M., & Hudon, N. (2007). Flatness-based extremum-seeking control over periodic orbits. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 52(10), 2005-2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAC.2007.904255 (Original work published 2007)