Return-Path: Delivered-To: Received: from liege.usaintlouis.be by liege.usaintlouis.be (Dovecot) with LMTP id VWzRK4oUwFiUPQAAdSFavw for ; Wed, 08 Mar 2017 15:29:19 +0100 Received: from mail13.us4.mcsv.net (mail13.us4.mcsv.net [205.201.128.13]) by liege.usaintlouis.be (Postfix) with ESMTP id 3vdbWM2G6Bz3LT21 for ; Wed, 8 Mar 2017 15:29:19 +0100 (CET) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha1; c=relaxed/relaxed; s=k1; d=mail13.us4.mcsv.net; h=Subject:From:Reply-To:To:Date:Message-ID:List-ID:List-Unsubscribe:Sender:Content-Type:MIME-Version; i=office=3Dfeantsa.org@mail13.us4.mcsv.net; bh=sTTi3MwrshFeZs2mM+SNR00AVoQ=; b=v1mxd/rAD2S9UT5QxlTdQxRMDD+YRxEMEwAxOX8+6UQ2L6ZaBHLS7TUjhE1RF0x3znXU7jz/a0pW Zoo+rP7AQjldo6nBIU0c4ai3AKejRYqDs714O31tg53GS8QgCtZZzvNZ+wZ6di2LmFU4vgGh/pAa NwZgNOhpjxWDrYBdkAE= Received: from (127.0.0.1) by mail13.us4.mcsv.net id ho0aju24b5gm for ; Wed, 8 Mar 2017 14:29:18 +0000 (envelope-from ) Subject: =?utf-8?Q?Housing=20Rights=20Watch=20e=2Dnewsletter=20Feb.=202017?= From: =?utf-8?Q?FEANTSA=20=2D=20Housing=20Rights=20Watch?= Reply-To: =?utf-8?Q?FEANTSA=20=2D=20Housing=20Rights=20Watch?= To: Date: Wed, 8 Mar 2017 14:29:18 +0000 Message-ID: X-Mailer: MailChimp Mailer - **CID9aaef894929061ec8516** X-Campaign: mailchimpf93c24fd206b584723c6c193f.9aaef89492 X-campaignid: mailchimpf93c24fd206b584723c6c193f.9aaef89492 X-Report-Abuse: Please report abuse for this campaign here: http://www.mailchimp.com/abuse/abuse.phtml?u=f93c24fd206b584723c6c193f&id=9aaef89492&e=9061ec8516 X-MC-User: f93c24fd206b584723c6c193f X-Feedback-ID: 45928665:45928665.1335261:us11:mc List-ID: f93c24fd206b584723c6c193fmc list X-Accounttype: ff List-Unsubscribe: , Sender: "FEANTSA - Housing Rights Watch" x-mcda: FALSE Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="_----------=_MCPart_1736783719" MIME-Version: 1.0 This is a multi-part message in MIME format --_----------=_MCPart_1736783719 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; format="fixed" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable E-newsletter February 2017 Analysis & News from Housing Rights Watch View this email in your browser (http://us11.campaign-archive1.com/?u=3Df9= 3c24fd206b584723c6c193f&id=3D9aaef89492&e=3D9061ec8516) ** Migrants=E2=80=99 right to housing: Belgian and international law (http= ://housingrightswatch.us11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3Df93c24fd206b584= 723c6c193f&id=3Da8eb946774&e=3D9061ec8516) ------------------------------------------------------------ Nicolas Bernard=2C Professor at the Universit=C3=A9 Saint-Louis in Brussels [Voir la version fran=C3=A7aise ci-dessous / French version below] (#FR) Migration=2C which has been a burning issue over recent months=2C is disru= pting our traditional housing policies. But what does the law have to say= on the matter? This paper will first examine Belgian law followed by inte= rnational law. BELGIAN LAW I. The asylum seeker From when the asylum application is submitted=2C and for the entire durati= on of its assessment=2C asylum seekers in Belgium benefit from =E2=80=98re= ception=E2=80=99=2C governed by the 12 January 2007 federal law (transpose= d from European Directive 2003/9/CE of 27 January 2003). With the aim of a= llowing the person in question =E2=80=98to lead a life in keeping with hum= an dignity=E2=80=99=2C this reception takes the form of =E2=80=98material= assistance=E2=80=99 which consists of =E2=80=98accommodation=E2=80=99 wit= hin an =E2=80=98individual or community reception facility=E2=80=99. In ad= dition=2C the above-mentioned assistance includes meals=2C clothing=2C med= ical=2C social and psychological support as well as the granting of a dail= y allowance. Furthermore=2C Fedasil (Belgium's Federal Agency for the Rece= ption of Asylum Seekers) issued an =E2=80=98instruction=E2=80=99 in Decemb= er 2015 establishing minimum quality standards in the area of =E2=80=98hou= sing security=E2=80=99. As a result of this=2C the reception centre must b= e in good structural condition=2C have reliable heating=2C and have suffic= ient smoke detectors=2C etc. To house asylum seekers=2C it is not only public authorities and partner o= rganisations that should make their housing stock available; private housi= ng stock can also be called upon. To this end=2C the 2 January 2001 law ga= ve the Minister with responsibility for social integration the power to= =E2=80=98seize any abandoned building=E2=80=99 in order to =E2=80=98make= it available for the reception of asylum applicants=E2=80=99 (in return f= or =E2=80=98fair compensation=E2=80=99). II. The refugee A person who has just been recognised as a refugee has a maximum of two mo= nths to find independent housing=2C outside of the accommodation structure= ; failing that=2C they will find themselves homeless. The reception facili= ty must remain an active party in the meantime as it is in the interest of= the facility to help the refugee organise his/her departure. Otherwise=2C= the facility runs the risk of the refugee trying to extend their stay wit= hin the facility. Furthermore=2C the Fedasil instructions of 29 August 200= 8 oblige the reception facility to provide =E2=80=98assistance in finding= housing=E2=80=99=2C which includes access to the tools for searching (spe= cialist newspapers=2C internet=2C real estate agencies=2C etc.)=2C provisi= on of the material means necessary for the search (telephone=2C train tick= ets=2C etc.) as well as assistance =E2=80=93 mainly linguistic =E2=80=93 i= n the contact between refugee and landlord. The centre will also take char= ge of =E2=80=98preparing the resident for transition=E2=80=99 and informin= g them about financial issues (rent and charges) and legal issues (unfit housing=2C property insp= ections=2C rental contracts) related to housing. The centre can help migra= nts to move=2C particularly in giving advice on various matters (regarding= connection to meters for example). Furthermore=2C foreigners permitted to stay in Belgium are allowed to brin= g their family to Belgium too... but only (and this is less known) if they= have in Belgium =E2=80=98adequate housing to receive the family member(s)= applying to join them=E2=80=99[1] (#_ftn1) . This is in order to prevent= the family being reunited with the migrant living in Belgium where housin= g conditions may be unfit and contrary to human dignity. This would also r= isk the people concerned being put at the mercy of =E2=80=98slum landlords= =E2=80=99. Unfortunately=2C the standards for adequate housing referred to= in this legislation are high=2C which risks making it de facto impossible= to reunite families. III. Irregular migrants Can undocumented migrants sign a rental contract? Yes! The administrative= uncertainty in which rejected asylum seekers find themselves in no way pr= events them from signing a rental contract=2C nor from seeking redress in= the courts (in the event of the landlord not fulfilling their obligations= ). No civil or legal provision subordinates the exercise of these rights t= o the legal status of the person in question. What about the point of view of the landlord? What does the landlord risk= =2C in other words=2C by signing a contract with an undocumented migrant?= On the one hand=2C =E2=80=98anybody who knowingly helps or tries to help= a person from outside of the EU Member States to enter or stay on Member= State territory [...] in violation of the legislation of that State=E2= =80=99[2] (#_ftn2) is punishable by a prison sentence (eight days to one= year) and/or a fine (of =E2=82=AC1700 to =E2=82=AC6000). On the other han= d=2C these criminal sanctions are invalidated if =E2=80=98the help is offe= red for mainly humanitarian reasons=E2=80=99[3] (#_ftn3) . Everything is= dependent on the amount of the rent; this amount may (grossly) exceed the= generally agreed ceilings[4] (#_ftn4) to the extent that the leaser woul= d be convicted of exploiting another person=E2=80=99s misery=2C thereby fa= lling under the 10 August 2005 legislation regarding slum landlords. Howev= er=2C a fair rent that is in keeping with market rates (and in line with t= he housing quality)=2C should not lead to prosecution of the landlord. EUROPEAN LAW 1. The (repeated) indictment of Belgium for deficiencies in accommodating= migrants a) European Court of Human Rights=2C Decision on V.M. and others v. Belgiu= m=2C 7 July 2015 Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibits inhuman and= degrading treatment. While Belgium offers asylum applicants accommodation= during the assessment of their file=2C there are grounds for questioning= the after-care=2C i.e. the living conditions of asylum seekers whose appl= ication has been rejected and who=2C as a result=2C are forced to leave th= e reception centre (and=2C in theory=2C to immediately return to their cou= ntry). In the Decision V.M. and others v. Belgium=2C the Court decided tha= t the applicants found themselves=2C on being evicted from the reception c= entre=2C =E2=80=98without means of subsistence=E2=80=99=2C =E2=80=98withou= t housing=E2=80=99 and =E2=80=98without access to sanitary facilities=E2= =80=99; they found themselves living on the streets and =E2=80=98they rema= ined there =E2=80=93 with no assistance to cater for their most basic need= s (eating=2C washing and housing)=E2=80=99. And what about the fact (possibly clearing the Belgian State of responsibi= lity) that the accommodation centres were full? This is irrelevant accordi= ng to the Court. =E2=80=98Notwithstanding the fact that the reception cris= is was an exceptional situation=E2=80=99=2C the national authorities have= =E2=80=98failed to satisfy their obligation not to expose the applicants= to conditions of extreme poverty for four weeks=E2=80=99. Also=2C =E2=80= =98the applicants were thus victims of treatment which failed to respect t= heir dignity=E2=80=99=2C given that =E2=80=98this situation undoubtedly ar= oused in them feelings of fear=2C anguish or inferiority capable of induci= ng desperation=E2=80=99. Conclusion: =E2=80=98such living conditions=2C co= mbined with the lack of any prospects of their situation improving=2C atta= ined the level of severity required to fall within the scope of Article 3= of the Convention and amounted to degrading treatment=E2=80=99.[5] (#_ft= n5) B) European Committee of Social Rights=2C Decision on Defence for Children= International v. Belgium=2C 23 October 2012 Article 17 of the revised European Social Charter states the right of mino= rs to social=2C legal and economic protection. On this basis=2C the Europe= an Committee of Social Rights (responsible for ensuring that parties to th= e charter conform) found against Belgium because =E2=80=98the government h= as=2C since 2009=2C no longer guaranteed accompanied foreign minors unlawf= ully present in the country any form of accommodation in reception centres= (through either the FEDASIL network or other alternative solutions)=E2=80= =99. Furthermore=2C =E2=80=98the persistent failure to accommodate these m= inors shows=2C in particular=2C that the Government has not taken the nece= ssary and appropriate measures to guarantee the minors in question the car= e and assistance they need and to protect them from negligence=2C violence= or exploitation=2C thereby posing a serious threat to the enjoyment of th= eir most basic rights=2C such as the rights to life=2C to psychological an= d physical integrity and to respect for human dignity=E2=80=99. Similarly= =2C =E2=80=98the fact that at least 461 unaccompanied foreign minors were not accommodated= in 2011 and the problems posed by inappropriate accommodation in hotels l= ead the Committee to the conclusion that the Government failed to take suf= ficient measures to guarantee non-asylum seeking=2C unaccompanied foreign= minors the care and assistance they need=2C thereby exposing a large numb= er of children and young persons to serious risks for their lives and heal= th=E2=80=99. II. Extension of the protection offered to migrants in an irregular situat= ion by the revised Social Charter regarding camp evictions (European Commi= ttee of Social Rights=2C M=C3=A9decins du Monde International v. France=2C= 11 September 2012) Concerning the =E2=80=98Scope of the Revised European Social Charter in te= rms of persons protected=E2=80=99=2C the Appendix to the revised European= Social Charter explicitly states that it is aimed at =E2=80=98foreigners= only in so far as they are nationals of other Parties lawfully resident or working regularly within the territory of the= Party concerned=E2=80=99. In spite of this=2C the European Committee of S= ocial Rights did not shy away from condemning France for the way in which= it evicted Roma migrants (many of whom were illegal migrants) from their= camps and settlements; among other factors were the use of physical viole= nce and destruction of assets that marred the police interventions. How=2C more specifically=2C did the committee manage to base its decision= in law (given the Appendix)? By referring back to the concept of human di= gnity. It is formally recognised that the non-conditionality inherent in t= he concept of human dignity means there can be no differentiation in the g= ranting of the most basic rights. As such=2C =E2=80=98those who do not fal= l within the definition in the Appendix cannot be deprived of their rights= linked to life and dignity under the Charter=E2=80=99=2C emphasised the C= ommittee=2C for which=2C =E2=80=98the restriction in paragraph 1 of the Ap= pendix [concerns] a wide variety of social rights and impacts on them dif= ferently and that such a restriction should not end up having unreasonably= detrimental effects where the protection of vulnerable groups of persons= is at stake=E2=80=99. ------------------------------------------------------------ [1] (#_ftnref1) Art. 10=2C =C2=A72=2C para. 2=2C of the 15 December 1980= law. [2] (#_ftnref2) Art. 77=2C para. 1=2C of the 15 December 1980 law. [3] (#_ftnref3) Art. 77=2C para. 2=2C of the 15 December 1980 law. [4] (#_ftnref4) On that point=2C one can usefully refer to the reference= grid for rents such as that adopted (at first reading) by the Government= of the Brussels-Capital Region on 24 November 2016. [5] (#_ftnref5) The Grand Chamber of the European Court (to which the Bel= gian government had referred the case)=2C reviewed its position of 17 Nove= mber 2016 deciding purely and simply to strike the case out=2C for reasons= not related to the merits of the case. ** ------------------------------------------------------------ Par Nicolas Bernard=2C Professeur =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99Universit=C3=A9 Saint-Louis =E2=80=94 Bruxelle= s Pos=C3=A9 avec une acuit=C3=A9 particuli=C3=A8re ces derniers mois=2C le p= h=C3=A9nom=C3=A8ne migratoire ne va pas sans bouleverser nos politiques tr= aditionnelles du logement. Que pr=C3=A9voit le droit en la mati=C3=A8re ?= Seront examin=C3=A9es successivement la l=C3=A9gislation belge et le droi= t international. DROIT BELGE I. Le demandeur d=E2=80=99asile Sit=C3=B4t introduite sa demande d=E2=80=99asile=2C et tout le temps que d= ure l=E2=80=99examen de celle-ci=2C le migrant jouit dans notre pays d=E2= =80=99un =C2=AB accueil =C2=BB=2C r=C3=A9gl=C3=A9 par la loi f=C3=A9d=C3= =A9rale du 12 janvier 2007 (transposant elle-m=C3=AAme la directive europ= =C3=A9enne 2003/9/CE du 27 janvier 2003). Destin=C3=A9 =C3=A0 permettre= =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99int=C3=A9ress=C3=A9 de =C2=AB mener une vie conforme =C3= =A0 la dignit=C3=A9 humaine =C2=BB=2C cet accueil prend la forme concr=C3= =A8tement d=E2=80=99une =C2=AB aide mat=C3=A9rielle =C2=BB qui=2C au premi= er chef=2C consiste dans un =C2=AB h=C3=A9bergement =C2=BB=2C au sein d=E2= =80=99une =C2=AB structure d'accueil communautaire ou individuelle =C2=BB.= En sus=2C ladite aide comprend les repas=2C l'habillement=2C l'accompagne= ment m=C3=A9dical=2C social et psychologique ainsi que l'octroi d'une allo= cation journali=C3=A8re. En sus=2C Fedasil a pris une =C2=AB instruction= =C2=BB en d=C3=A9cembre 2015 =C3=A9tablissant des =C2=AB normes de qualit= =C3=A9 minimales =C2=BB dans le domaine de la =C2=AB s=C3=A9curit=C3=A9 de= s logements =C2=BB ; aussi le lieu d=E2=80=99accueil doit-il pr=C3=A9sente= r un =C2=AB bon =C3=A9tat structurel =C2=BB=2C compter une =C2=AB installa= tion de chauffage sure =C2=BB=2C =C3=AAtre pourvu de =C2=AB suffisamment de d=C3=A9tecteurs= de fum=C3=A9e =C2=BB=2C etc. Pour h=C3=A9berger les demandeurs d=E2=80=99asile=2C il n=E2=80=99y a pas= que la puissance publique ou ses partenaires =C3=A0 devoir ouvrir leur pa= trimoine immobilier ; le parc de logements priv=C3=A9s peut lui aussi =C3= =AAtre sollicit=C3=A9. =C3=80 cet effet=2C la loi du 2 janvier 2001 a conf= =C3=A9r=C3=A9 au Ministre ayant l'Int=C3=A9gration sociale dans ses attrib= utions le pouvoir de =C2=AB r=C3=A9quisitionner tout immeuble abandonn=C3= =A9 =C2=BB et ce=2C =C2=AB afin de le mettre =C3=A0 disposition pour l'acc= ueil de candidats-r=C3=A9fugi=C3=A9s =C2=BB (le tout=2C moyennant un =C2= =AB juste d=C3=A9dommagement =C2=BB). II. Le r=C3=A9fugi=C3=A9 La personne fra=C3=AEchement reconnue comme r=C3=A9fugi=C3=A9e a deux mois= maximum pour trouver un logement autonome=2C en dehors de la structure d= =E2=80=99h=C3=A9bergement ; =C3=A0 d=C3=A9faut=2C il se retrouvera sans-ab= ri. La structure d=E2=80=99h=C3=A9bergement ne saurait cependant rester pa= ssive dans l=E2=80=99intervalle ; =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99inverse=2C cette derni= =C3=A8re =C3=A0 tout int=C3=A9r=C3=AAt =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99aider =C3=A0 organ= iser sa sortie si elle veut =C3=A9viter que l=E2=80=99int=C3=A9ress=C3=A9= ne cherche =C3=A0 poursuivre son s=C3=A9jour en son sein. Aussi=2C les in= structions de Fedasil du 29 ao=C3=BBt 2008 chargent le centre d=E2=80=99h= =C3=A9bergement de d=C3=A9livrer une =C2=AB aide =C3=A0 la recherche d=E2= =80=99un logement =C2=BB=2C qui comprend =C3=A0 la fois l=E2=80=99acc=C3= =A8s libre aux outils traditionnels en ce domaine (journaux sp=C3=A9cialis= =C3=A9s=2C internet=2C agences immobili=C3=A8res=2C =E2=80=A6)=2C la fourn= iture des moyens mat=C3=A9riels n=C3=A9cessaires =C3=A0 cette prospection= (t=C3=A9l=C3=A9phone=2C tickets de train=2C etc.) ainsi qu=E2=80=99une as= sistance =E2=80=94 linguistique notamment =E2=80=94 dans les rapports entr= e le r=C3=A9fugi=C3=A9 et un propri=C3=A9taire. Le centre veillera aussi= =C3=A0 =C2=AB pr=C3=A9parer le r=C3=A9side nt =C3=A0 la transition =C2=BB=2C en l=E2=80=99informant sur les aspects p= =C3=A9cuniaires (loyer et charges) et juridiques (salubrit=C3=A9=2C =C3=A9= tat des lieux=2C contrat de bail) d=E2=80=99une habitation. Enfin=2C le ce= ntre =C2=AB peut aider =C2=BB les migrants =C3=A0 d=C3=A9m=C3=A9nager=2C n= otamment en prodiguant une s=C3=A9rie de conseils (aff=C3=A9rents =C3=A0 l= =E2=80=99ouverture des compteurs par exemple). Par ailleurs=2C les =C3=A9trangers autoris=C3=A9s =C3=A0 s=C3=A9journer su= r le territoire sont admis =C3=A0 faire venir leur famille=E2=80=A6 mais u= niquement (ce que l=E2=80=99on sait moins) s=E2=80=99ils disposent sur le= sol belge d=E2=80=99un =C2=AB logement suffisant pour pouvoir recevoir le= ou les membres de sa famille qui demandent =C3=A0 le rejoindre =C2=BB[1]= (#_ftn1) . Il s=E2=80=99agit de la sorte d=E2=80=99emp=C3=AAcher le regro= upement familial dans l=E2=80=99hypoth=C3=A8se o=C3=B9 l=E2=80=99=C3=A9tra= nger habiterait en Belgique dans des conditions de salubrit=C3=A9 radicale= ment contraires =C3=A0 la dignit=C3=A9 humaine=2C ce qui risque de placer= les int=C3=A9ress=C3=A9s sous la coupe de v=C3=A9ritables =C2=AB marchand= s de sommeil =C2=BB. Malheureusement=2C les normes de salubrit=C3=A9 auxqu= elles cette l=C3=A9gislation renvoie sont =C3=A9lev=C3=A9es=2C ce qui risq= ue de rendre impossible de facto tout regroupement familial. III. Le migrant en s=C3=A9jour irr=C3=A9gulier Le sans-papier peut-il signer un contrat de bail ? Oui ! La pr=C3=A9carit= =C3=A9 administrative qui caract=C3=A9rise les migrants d=C3=A9bout=C3=A9s= du droit d=E2=80=99asile ne les emp=C3=AAche aucunement de passer convent= ion locative=2C ni m=C3=AAme de faire valoir leurs droits en justice (au c= as o=C3=B9 le bailleur m=C3=A9conna=C3=AEtrait ses obligations). Aucune di= sposition civile ou judiciaire ne subordonne l=E2=80=99exercice de ces pr= =C3=A9rogatives-l=C3=A0 =C3=A0 la r=C3=A9gularit=C3=A9 du statut. Qu=E2=80=99en est-il maintenant du point de vue du bailleur ? Que risque-t= -il=2C autrement dit=2C en passant convention avec un tel migrant ? D=E2= =80=99un c=C3=B4t=C3=A9=2C est puni d'un emprisonnement (de huit jours =C3= =A0 un an) et d'une amende (de mille sept cents euros =C3=A0 six mille eur= os)=2C ou d'une de ces peines seulement=2C =C2=AB quiconque aide sciemment= ou tente d=E2=80=99aider une personne non ressortissante d'un Etat membre= de l'Union europ=C3=A9enne =C3=A0 p=C3=A9n=C3=A9trer ou =C3=A0 s=C3=A9jou= rner sur le territoire d'un Etat membre [=E2=80=A6] en violation de la l= =C3=A9gislation de cet Etat =C2=BB[2] (#_ftn2) . D=E2=80=99un autre=2C to= utefois=2C ces sanctions p=C3=A9nales tombent =C2=AB si l'aide est offerte= pour des raisons principalement humanitaires =C2=BB[3] (#_ftn3) . Tout d= =C3=A9pendra en fait de la hauteur du loyer ; celui-ci d=C3=A9passerait-il= (outranci=C3=A8rement) les plafonds commun=C3=A9ment admis en la mati=C3= =A8re[4] (#_ftn4) que le bailleur=2C alors=2C serait convaincu d=E2=80=99= exploitation de la mis=C3=A8re d=E2=80=99autrui=2C tombant au passage sous= le coup de la l=C3=A9gislation du 10 ao=C3=BBt 2005 relative aux marchand= s de sommeil. En revanche=2C un loyer correct=2C en phase avec les valeurs du m= arch=C3=A9 (et en rapport avec la qualit=C3=A9 de l=E2=80=99habitation)=2C= ne devrait pas valoir au bailleur de poursuite r=C3=A9pressive. DROIT EUROP=C3=89EN I. La condamnation (r=C3=A9p=C3=A9t=C3=A9e) de la Belgique pour la d=C3=A9= ficience dans l=E2=80=99h=C3=A9bergement des migrants a) Cour europ=C3=A9enne des droits de l=E2=80=99homme=2C arr=C3=AAt V.M. e= t autres c. Belgique=2C 7 juillet 2015 L=E2=80=99article 3 de la Convention europ=C3=A9enne des droits de l=E2=80= =99homme prohibe les traitements inhumains et d=C3=A9gradants. Certes la B= elgique offre-t-elle aux candidats r=C3=A9fugi=C3=A9s un h=C3=A9bergement= durant l=E2=80=99examen de leur dossier=2C mais il est permis de s=E2=80= =99interroger sur l=E2=80=99apr=C3=A8s=2C c=E2=80=99est-=C3=A0-dire sur le= s conditions de s=C3=A9jour chez nous des demandeurs d=E2=80=99asile qui o= nt vu leur requ=C3=AAte rejet=C3=A9e et qui=2C de ce fait=2C sont condamn= =C3=A9s =C3=A0 quitter le centre d=E2=80=99accueil (et=2C th=C3=A9oriqueme= nt=2C =C3=A0 rentrer dans la foul=C3=A9e dans leur pays). Dans arr=C3=AAt= V.M. et autres c. Belgique=2C la Cour a jug=C3=A9 que les requ=C3=A9rants= se sont trouv=C3=A9s=2C =C3=A0 partir de leur expulsion du centre d=E2=80= =99accueil=2C =C2=AB sans moyen de subsistance =C2=BB=2C =C2=AB sans logem= ent =C2=BB et =C2=AB sans acc=C3=A8s =C3=A0 des installations sanitaires= =C2=BB ; =C3=A0 la rue=2C =C2=AB ils rest=C3=A8rent l=C3=A0 =E2=80=93 san= s aide pour faire face =C3=A0 leurs besoins les plus =C3=A9l=C3=A9mentaire= s : se nourrir=2C se laver et se loger =C2=BB. Et la circonstance (susceptible de d=C3=A9douaner l=E2=80=99=C3=89tat belg= e) que les centres d=E2=80=99h=C3=A9bergement affichaient de toute fa=C3= =A7on complet ? Elle est irrelevante=2C r=C3=A9torque la Cour. =C2=AB Nono= bstant le fait que la situation de crise =C3=A9tait une situation exceptio= nnelle =C2=BB=2C les autorit=C3=A9s nationales ont =C2=AB manqu=C3=A9 =C3= =A0 leur obligation de ne pas exposer les requ=C3=A9rants =C3=A0 des condi= tions de d=C3=A9nuement extr=C3=AAme pendant quatre semaines =C2=BB. Aussi= =2C =C2=AB les requ=C3=A9rants ont ainsi =C3=A9t=C3=A9 victimes d=E2=80=99= un traitement t=C3=A9moignant d=E2=80=99un manque de respect pour leur dig= nit=C3=A9 =C2=BB=2C =C3=A9tant entendu que =C2=AB cette situation a=2C san= s aucun doute=2C suscit=C3=A9 chez eux des sentiments de peur=2C d=E2=80= =99angoisse ou d=E2=80=99inf=C3=A9riorit=C3=A9 propres =C3=A0 conduire au= d=C3=A9sespoir =C2=BB. Conclusion : =C2=AB de telles conditions d=E2=80= =99existence=2C combin=C3=A9es avec l=E2=80=99absence de perspective de vo= ir leur situation s=E2=80=99am=C3=A9liorer=2C ont atteint le seuil de grav= it=C3=A9 requis par l=E2=80=99article 3 de la Convention et constituent un= traitement d=C3=A9gradant =C2=BB[5] (#_ftn5) . b) Comit=C3=A9 europ=C3=A9en des droits sociaux=2C d=C3=A9cision D=C3=A9fe= nse des enfants International c. Belgique=2C 23 octobre 2012 L=E2=80=99article 17 de la Charte sociale europ=C3=A9enne r=C3=A9vis=C3=A9= e proclame le droit des mineurs =C3=A0 une protection sociale=2C juridique= et =C3=A9conomique. Sur cette base=2C le Comit=C3=A9 europ=C3=A9en des dr= oits sociaux (charg=C3=A9 de contr=C3=B4ler le respect d=C3=BB par les =C3= =89tats parties =C3=A0 la Charte) a condamn=C3=A9 la Belgique car =C2=AB d= epuis 2009=2C aucun logement en centre d=E2=80=99accueil n=E2=80=99a [=E2= =80=A6] =C3=A9t=C3=A9 garanti aux mineurs =C3=A9trangers accompagn=C3=A9s= en s=C3=A9jour irr=C3=A9gulier (ni par le r=C3=A9seau de FEDASIL=2C ni pa= r d=E2=80=99autres solutions alternatives) =C2=BB. Or=2C =C2=AB la carence= persistante relative =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99accueil de ces mineurs d=C3=A9montr= e en particulier que le Gouvernement n=E2=80=99a pas pris les mesures n=C3= =A9cessaires et appropri=C3=A9es pour assurer aux mineurs en question les= soins et l=E2=80=99assistance dont il ont besoin=2C aussi bien que pour l= es prot=C3=A9ger contre la n=C3=A9gligence=2C la violence ou l=E2=80=99exp= loitation=2C en causant ainsi un risque s=C3=A9rieux pour la jouissance de= leurs droits les plus fondamentaux=2C tels que le droit =C3=A0 la vie=2C= =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99int=C3=A9grit=C3=A9 psychophysique et au respect de la dignit=C3=A9 humaine =C2=BB. De m=C3=AAme=2C =C2=AB le fait= qu=E2=80=99au moins 461 mineurs =C3=A9trangers non accompagn=C3=A9s n=E2= =80=99aient pas =C3=A9t=C3=A9 accueillis en 2011=2C et les probl=C3=A8mes= pos=C3=A9s par l=E2=80=99accueil inappropri=C3=A9 dans les h=C3=B4tels=2C= conduisent le Comit=C3=A9 =C3=A0 consid=C3=A9rer que le Gouvernement n=E2= =80=99a pas pris des mesures suffisantes pour assurer aux mineurs =C3=A9tr= angers non accompagn=C3=A9s non demandeurs d=E2=80=99asile les soins et l= =E2=80=99assistance dont ils ont besoin=2C en exposant ainsi un nombre imp= ortant d=E2=80=99enfants et d=E2=80=99adolescents =C3=A0 de graves risques= pour leur vie et leur sant=C3=A9 =C2=BB. II. Extension aux migrants en situation irr=C3=A9guli=C3=A8re de la protec= tion offerte par la Charte sociale r=C3=A9vis=C3=A9e en ce qui concerne le= s expulsions de camp (Comit=C3=A9 europ=C3=A9en des droits sociaux=2C d=C3= =A9cision M=C3=A9decins du monde c. France=2C 11 septembre 2012) =C3=80 propos de la =C2=AB port=C3=A9e de la Charte sociale europ=C3=A9enn= e r=C3=A9vis=C3=A9e en ce qui concerne les personnes prot=C3=A9g=C3=A9es= =C2=BB=2C l=E2=80=99Annexe =C3=A0 la Charte sociale europ=C3=A9enne r=C3= =A9vis=C3=A9e d=C3=A9clare expressis verbis ne viser =C2=AB les =C3=A9tran= gers que dans la mesure o=C3=B9 ils sont des ressortissants des autres Par= ties r=C3=A9sidant l=C3=A9galement ou travaillant r=C3=A9guli=C3=A8rement= sur le territoire de la Partie int=C3=A9ress=C3=A9e =C2=BB. Pour cr=C3=A2= ne soit-elle=2C cette mise en garde n=E2=80=99a pas emp=C3=AAch=C3=A9 le C= omit=C3=A9 europ=C3=A9en des droits sociaux de condamner la France pour la= fa=C3=A7on dont elle a expuls=C3=A9 des Roms migrants (en situation irr= =C3=A9guli=C3=A8re pour beaucoup d=E2=80=99entre eux) de leurs camps et in= stallations ; entres autres=2C violences physiques et destructions de bien= s ont =C3=A9maill=C3=A9 les interventions polici=C3=A8res. Comment=2C plus pr=C3=A9cis=C3=A9ment=2C le Comit=C3=A9 est-il parvenu =C3= =A0 fonder en droit sa d=C3=A9cision (vu l=E2=80=99Annexe) ? Par le recour= s =C3=A0 la notion de dignit=C3=A9 humaine. On s=E2=80=99accorde classique= ment =C3=A0 reconna=C3=AEtre que l=E2=80=99inconditionnalit=C3=A9 caract= =C3=A9risant celle-ci r=C3=A9cuse toute diff=C3=A9renciation dans l=E2=80= =99octroi des droits les plus essentiels. Ainsi=2C =C2=AB les personnes qu= i ne r=C3=A9pondent pas =C3=A0 la d=C3=A9finition de l=E2=80=99Annexe ne s= auraient =C3=AAtre priv=C3=A9es des droits =C3=A0 la vie et =C3=A0 la dign= it=C3=A9 que leur conf=C3=A8re la Charte =C2=BB=2C appuie le Comit=C3=A9= =2C pour lequel =C2=AB la restriction figurant au paragraphe 1^er de l=E2= =80=99Annexe concerne un large =C3=A9ventail de droits sociaux et les affe= cte diversement et que cette restriction ne doit pas produire des cons=C3= =A9quences pr=C3=A9judicielles d=C3=A9raisonnables lorsque la protection d= es groupes vuln=C3=A9rables est en jeu =C2=BB. ------------------------------------------------------------ [1] (#_ftnref1) Art. 10=2C =C2=A72=2C al. 2=2C de la loi du 15 d=C3=A9cem= bre 1980. [2] (#_ftnref2) Art. 77=2C al. 1^er=2C de la loi du 15 d=C3=A9cembre 1980= =2E [3] (#_ftnref3) Art. 77=2C al. 2=2C de la loi du 15 d=C3=A9cembre 1980. [4] (#_ftnref4) =C3=80 cet effet=2C on se r=C3=A9f=C3=A9rera utilement= =C3=A0 la grille de loyers indicative telle qu=E2=80=99adopt=C3=A9e (en p= remi=C3=A8re lecture) par le Gouvernement de la R=C3=A9gion de Bruxelles-C= apitale ce 24 novembre 2016. [5] (#_ftnref5) La Cour europ=C3=A9enne=2C en configuration de grande cha= mbre (=C3=A0 laquelle le gouvernement belge avait renvoy=C3=A9 la cause)= =2C vient cependant de revoir sa position ce 17 novembre 2016=2C pour d=C3= =A9cider purement et simplement de rayer l=E2=80=99affaire du r=C3=B4le=2C= pour des raisons =C3=A9trang=C3=A8res au fond. ** NEWS FROM HOUSING RIGHTS WATCH ------------------------------------------------------------ ** DES NOUVELLES D'HOUSING RIGHTS WATCH ------------------------------------------------------------ ** Reminder: ------------------------------------------------------------ International Conference : 'Ensuring the effective exercise of the right t= o housing in the EU' 27 and 28 April 2017 Tarragona (Spain) Click here to see the programme and register (http://housingrightswatch.us= 11.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3Df93c24fd206b584723c6c193f&id=3D371efc5a= 6d&e=3D9061ec8516) ** E-newsletter: call for contributors ------------------------------------------------------------ Our by-annual newsletter is replaced by the periodical publication of arti= cles and analysis drafted by Housing Rights Watch network members. 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Brussels 1210 .= Belgium Email Marketing Powered by MailChimp http://www.mailchimp.com/monkey-rewards/?utm_source=3Dfreemium_newsletter&= utm_medium=3Demail&utm_campaign=3Dmonkey_rewards&aid=3Df93c24fd206b584723c= 6c193f&afl=3D1 --_----------=_MCPart_1736783719 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable =09 =09=09 =09=09Housing Rights Watch e-newsletter Feb. 2017
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E-newsletter February 2017
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Migrants= =E2=80=99 right to housing: Belgian and international law<= /a>
=09=09=09=09 =09=09=09=09
=09 =09=09=09 =09=09=09=09

Migration=2C which has been a burning issue over rece= nt months=2C is disrupting our traditional housing policies. But what does= the law have to say on the matter? This paper will first examine Belgian= law followed by international law.
 
BELGIAN LAW
 
I. The asylum seeker
 
From when the asylum application is submitted=2C and for the entire durati= on of its assessment=2C asylum seekers in Belgium benefit from =E2=80=98re= ception=E2=80=99=2C governed by the 12 January 2007 federal law (transpose= d from European Directive 2003/9/CE of 27 January 2003). With the aim of a= llowing the person in question =E2=80=98to lead a life in keeping with hum= an dignity=E2=80=99=2C this reception takes the form of =E2=80=98material= assistance=E2=80=99 which consists of =E2=80=98accommodation=E2=80=99 wit= hin an =E2=80=98individual or community reception facility=E2=80=99. In ad= dition=2C the above-mentioned assistance includes meals=2C clothing=2C med= ical=2C social and psychological support as well as the granting of a dail= y allowance. Furthermore=2C Fedasil (Belgium's Federal Agency for the Rece= ption of Asylum Seekers) issued an =E2=80=98instruction=E2=80=99 in Decemb= er 2015 establishing minimum quality standards in the area of =E2=80=98hou= sing security=E2=80=99. As a result of this=2C the reception centre must b= e in good structural condition=2C have reliable heating=2C and have suffic= ient smoke detectors=2C etc.
To house asylum seekers=2C it is not only public authorities and partner o= rganisations that should make their housing stock available; private housing stock can also be called upon. To this end=2C the 2 January 20= 01 law gave the Minister with responsibility for social integration the po= wer to =E2=80=98seize any abandoned building=E2=80=99 in order to =E2=80= =98make it available for the reception of asylum applicants=E2=80=99 (in r= eturn for =E2=80=98fair compensation=E2=80=99).
 
II. The refugee
 
A person who has just been recognised as a refugee has a maximum of two mo= nths to find independent housing=2C outside of the accommodation structure= ; failing that=2C they will find themselves homeless. The reception facili= ty must remain an active party in the meantime as it is in the interest of= the facility to help the refugee organise his/her departure. Otherwise=2C= the facility runs the risk of the refugee trying to extend their stay wit= hin the facility. Furthermore=2C the Fedasil instructions of 29 August 200= 8 oblige the reception facility to provide =E2=80=98assistance in finding= housing=E2=80=99=2C which includes access to the tools for searching (spe= cialist newspapers=2C internet=2C real estate agencies=2C etc.)=2C provisi= on of the material means necessary for the search (telephone=2C train tick= ets=2C etc.) as well as assistance =E2=80=93 mainly linguistic =E2=80=93 i= n the contact between refugee and landlord. The centre will also take char= ge of =E2=80=98preparing the resident for transition=E2=80=99 and informin= g them about financial issues (rent and charges) and legal issues (unfit h= ousing=2C property inspections=2C rental contracts) related to housing. Th= e centre can help migrants to move=2C particularly in giving advice on var= ious matters (regarding connection to meters for example).
Furthermore=2C foreigners permitted to stay in Belgium are allowed to brin= g their family to Belgium too... but only (and this is less known) if they= have in Belgium =E2=80=98adequate housing to receive the family member(s)= applying to join them=E2=80=99[1]. This is in order to prevent the family being reuni= ted with the migrant living in Belgium where housing conditions may be unf= it and contrary to human dignity. This would also risk the people concerne= d being put at the mercy of =E2=80=98slum landlords=E2=80=99. Unfortunatel= y=2C the standards for adequate housing referred to in this legislation ar= e high=2C which risks making it de facto impossible to reunite fa= milies.
 
III. Irregular migrants
 
Can undocumented migrants sign a rental contract? Yes! The administrative= uncertainty in which rejected asylum seekers find themselves in no way pr= events them from signing a rental contract=2C nor from seeking redress in= the courts (in the event of the landlord not fulfilling their obligations= ). No civil or legal provision subordinates the exercise of these rights t= o the legal status of the person in question.
What about the point of view of the landlord? What does the landl= ord risk=2C in other words=2C by signing a contract with an undocumented m= igrant? On the one hand=2C =E2=80=98anybody who knowingly helps or tries t= o help a person from outside of the EU Member States to enter or stay on M= ember State territory [...] in violation of the legislation of that State= =E2=80=99[2]= is punishable by a prison sentence (eight days to one year) and/or a fine= (of =E2=82=AC1700 to =E2=82=AC6000). On the other hand=2C these criminal= sanctions are invalidated if =E2=80=98the help is offered for mainly huma= nitarian reasons=E2=80=99[3]. Everything is dependent on the amount of the rent; this= amount may (grossly) exceed the generally agreed ceilings[4] to the extent that the le= aser would be convicted of exploiting another person=E2=80=99s mi= sery=2C thereby falling under the 10 August 2005 legislation regarding slu= m landlords. However=2C a fair rent that is in keeping with market rates (= and in line with the housing quality)=2C should not lead to prosecution of= the landlord. 
 
 
EUROPEAN LAW
 

    =09
  1. The (repeated) indictment of Belgium fo= r deficiencies in accommodating migrants
 
a) European Court of Human Rights=2C Decision on V.M. and others v. Be= lgium=2C 7 July 2015
 
Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights prohibits inhuman and= degrading treatment. While Belgium offers asylum applicants accommodation= during the assessment of their file=2C there are grounds for questioning= the after-care=2C i.e. the living conditions of asylum seekers w= hose application has been rejected and who=2C as a result=2C are= forced to leave the reception centre (and=2C in theory=2C to immediately= return to their country). In the Decision V.M. and others v. Belgium<= /em>=2C the Court decided that the applicants found themselves=2C on being= evicted from the reception centre=2C =E2=80=98without means of subsistenc= e=E2=80=99=2C =E2=80=98without housing=E2=80=99 and =E2=80=98without acces= s to sanitary facilities=E2=80=99; they found themselves living on the str= eets and =E2=80=98they remained there =E2=80=93 with no assistance to cate= r for their most basic needs (eating=2C washing and housing)=E2=80=99.
And what about the fact (possibly clearing the Belgian State of responsibi= lity) that the accommodation centres were full? This is irrelevant accordi= ng to the Court. =E2=80=98Notwithstanding the fact that the reception cris= is was an exceptional situation=E2=80=99=2C the national authorities have= =E2=80=98failed to satisfy their obligation not to expose the applicants= to conditions of extreme poverty for four weeks=E2=80=99. Also=2C =E2=80= =98the applicants were thus victims of treatment which failed to respect t= heir dignity=E2=80=99=2C given that =E2=80=98this situation undoubtedly ar= oused in them feelings of fear=2C anguish or inferiority capable of induci= ng desperation=E2=80=99. Conclusion: =E2=80=98such living conditions=2C co= mbined with the lack of any prospects of their situation improving=2C atta= ined the level of severity required to fall within the scope of Article 3= of the Convention and amounted to degrading treatment=E2=80=99.[5]
 
B) European Committee of Social Rights=2C Decision on Defence for Chil= dren International v. Belgium=2C 23 October 2012
 
Article 17 of the revised European Social Charter states the right of mino= rs to social=2C legal and economic protection. On this basis=2C the Europe= an Committee of Social Rights (responsible for ensuring that parties to th= e charter conform) found against Belgium because =E2=80=98the government h= as=2C since 2009=2C no longer guaranteed accompanied foreign minors unlawf= ully present in the country any form of accommodation in reception centres= (through either the FEDASIL network or other alternative solutions)=E2=80= =99. Furthermore=2C =E2=80=98the persistent failure to accommodate these m= inors shows=2C in particular=2C that the Government has not taken the nece= ssary and appropriate measures to guarantee the minors in question the car= e and assistance they need and to protect them from negligence=2C violence= or exploitation=2C thereby posing a serious threat to the enjoyment of th= eir most basic rights=2C such as the rights to life=2C to psychological an= d physical integrity and to respect for human dignity=E2=80=99. Similarly= =2C =E2=80=98the fact that at least 461 unaccompanied foreign minors were= not accommodated in 2011 and the problems posed by inappropriate accommod= ation in hotels lead the Committee to the conclusion that the Government f= ailed to take sufficient measures to guarantee non-asylum seeking=2C unacc= ompanied foreign minors the care and assistance they need=2C thereby expos= ing a large number of children and young persons to serious risks for thei= r lives and health=E2=80=99.
 
II. Extension of the protection offered to migrants in an irregular sit= uation by the revised Social Charter regarding camp evictions (Europea= n Committee of Social Rights=2C M=C3=A9decins du Monde International v. Fr= ance=2C 11 September 2012)
 
Concerning the =E2=80=98Scope of the Revised European Social Charter in te= rms of persons protected=E2=80=99=2C the Appendix to the revised European= Social Charter explicitly states that it is aimed at =E2=80=98foreigners= only in so far as they are nationals of other
Parties lawfully resident or working regularly within the territo= ry of the Party concerned=E2=80=99. In spite of this=2C the European Commi= ttee of Social Rights did not shy away from condemning France for the way= in which it evicted Roma migrants (many of whom were illegal mig= rants) from their camps and settlements; among other factors were the use= of physical violence and destruction of assets that marred the police int= erventions.
How=2C more specifically=2C did the committee manage to base its decision= in law (given the Appendix)? By referring back to the concept of human di= gnity. It is formally recognised that the non-conditionality inherent in t= he concept of human dignity means there can be no differentiation in the g= ranting of the most basic rights. As such=2C =E2=80=98those who do not fal= l within the definition in the Appendix cannot be deprived of their rights= linked to life and dignity under the Charter=E2=80=99=2C emphasised the C= ommittee=2C for which=2C =E2=80=98the restriction in paragraph 1 of the Ap= pendix [concerns] a wide variety of social rights and impacts on them dif= ferently and that such a restriction should not end up having unreasonably= detrimental effects where the protection of vulnerable groups of persons= is at stake=E2=80=99.
 
 
[= 1] Art. 10=2C =C2=A72=2C para. 2=2C of the 15 December 1980 law.
[= 2] Art. 77=2C para. 1=2C of the 15 December 1980 law.
[= 3] Art. 77=2C para. 2=2C of the 15 December 1980 law.
[= 4] On that point=2C one can usefully refer to the reference grid for= rents such as that adopted (at first reading) by the Government of the Br= ussels-Capital Region on 24 November 2016.
[= 5] The Grand Chamber of the European Court (to which the Belgian gove= rnment had referred the case)=2C reviewed its position of 17 November 2016= deciding purely and simply to strike the case out=2C for reasons not rela= ted to the merits of the case.
=09=09=09=09 =09=09=09=09
=09 =09=09=09 =09=09=09=09

Le droit au logemen= t des migrants: l=C3=A9gislation belge et droit international=

 
Par Nicolas Bernard=2C
Professeur =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99Universit=C3=A9 Saint-Louis =E2=80=94 Bruxelle= s
=09=09=09=09 =09=09=09=09
=09 =09=09=09 =09=09=09=09
Pos=C3=A9= avec une acuit=C3=A9 particuli=C3=A8re ces derniers mois=2C le ph=C3=A9no= m=C3=A8ne migratoire ne va pas sans bouleverser nos politiques traditionne= lles du logement. Que pr=C3=A9voit le droit en la mati=C3=A8re ? Sero= nt examin=C3=A9es successivement la l=C3=A9gislation belge et le droit int= ernational.
 
DROIT BELGE
 
I. Le demandeur d=E2=80=99asile
 
Sit=C3=B4t introduite sa demande d=E2=80=99asile=2C et tout le temps que d= ure l=E2=80=99examen de celle-ci=2C le migrant jouit dans notre pays d=E2= =80=99un =C2=AB accueil =C2=BB=2C r=C3=A9gl=C3=A9 par la loi f= =C3=A9d=C3=A9rale du 12 janvier 2007 (transposant elle-m=C3=AAme la direct= ive europ=C3=A9enne 2003/9/CE du 27 janvier 2003). Destin=C3=A9 =C3=A0 per= mettre =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99int=C3=A9ress=C3=A9 de =C2=AB mener une vie c= onforme =C3=A0 la dignit=C3=A9 humaine =C2=BB=2C cet accueil prend la= forme concr=C3=A8tement d=E2=80=99une =C2=AB aide mat=C3=A9rielle&nb= sp;=C2=BB qui=2C au premier chef=2C consiste dans un =C2=AB h=C3=A9be= rgement =C2=BB=2C au sein d=E2=80=99une =C2=AB structure d'accue= il communautaire ou individuelle =C2=BB. En sus=2C ladite aide compre= nd les repas=2C l'habillement=2C l'accompagnement m=C3=A9dical=2C social e= t psychologique ainsi que l'octroi d'une allocation journali=C3=A8re. En s= us=2C Fedasil a pris une =C2=AB instruction =C2=BB en d=C3=A9cem= bre 2015 =C3=A9tablissant des =C2=AB normes de qualit=C3=A9 minimales=  =C2=BB dans le domaine de la =C2=AB s=C3=A9curit=C3=A9 des loge= ments =C2=BB ; aussi le lieu d=E2=80=99accueil doit-il pr=C3=A9s= enter un =C2=AB bon =C3=A9tat structurel =C2=BB=2C compter une= =C2=AB installation de chauffage sure =C2=BB=2C =C3=AAtre pourv= u de =C2=AB suffisamment de d=C3=A9tecteurs de fum=C3=A9e =C2=BB= =2C etc.
Pour h=C3=A9berger les demandeurs d=E2=80=99asile=2C il n=E2=80=99y a pas= que la puissance publique ou ses partenaires =C3=A0 devoir ouvrir leur pa= trimoine immobilier ; le parc de logements priv=C3=A9s peut= lui aussi =C3=AAtre sollicit=C3=A9. =C3=80 cet effet=2C la loi du 2 janvi= er 2001 a conf=C3=A9r=C3=A9 au Ministre ayant l'Int=C3=A9gration sociale d= ans ses attributions le pouvoir de =C2=AB r=C3=A9quisitionner tout im= meuble abandonn=C3=A9 =C2=BB et ce=2C =C2=AB afin de le mettre= =C3=A0 disposition pour l'accueil de candidats-r=C3=A9fugi=C3=A9s = =C2=BB (le tout=2C moyennant un =C2=AB juste d=C3=A9dommagement = =C2=BB).
 
II. Le r=C3=A9fugi=C3=A9
 
La personne fra=C3=AEchement reconnue comme r=C3=A9fugi=C3=A9e a deux mois= maximum pour trouver un logement autonome=2C en dehors de la structure d= =E2=80=99h=C3=A9bergement ; =C3=A0 d=C3=A9faut=2C il se retrouvera sa= ns-abri. La structure d=E2=80=99h=C3=A9bergement ne saurait cependant rest= er passive dans l=E2=80=99intervalle ; =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99inverse=2C ce= tte derni=C3=A8re =C3=A0 tout int=C3=A9r=C3=AAt =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99aider =C3= =A0 organiser sa sortie si elle veut =C3=A9viter que l=E2=80=99int=C3=A9re= ss=C3=A9 ne cherche =C3=A0 poursuivre son s=C3=A9jour en son sein. Aussi= =2C les instructions de Fedasil du 29 ao=C3=BBt 2008 chargent le centre d= =E2=80=99h=C3=A9bergement de d=C3=A9livrer une =C2=AB aide =C3=A0 la= recherche d=E2=80=99un logement =C2=BB=2C qui comprend =C3=A0 la foi= s l=E2=80=99acc=C3=A8s libre aux outils traditionnels en ce domaine (journ= aux sp=C3=A9cialis=C3=A9s=2C internet=2C agences immobili=C3=A8res=2C =E2= =80=A6)=2C la fourniture des moyens mat=C3=A9riels n=C3=A9cessaires =C3=A0= cette prospection (t=C3=A9l=C3=A9phone=2C tickets de train=2C etc.) ainsi= qu=E2=80=99une assistance =E2=80=94 linguistique notamment =E2=80=94 dans= les rapports entre le r=C3=A9fugi=C3=A9 et un propri=C3=A9taire. Le centr= e veillera aussi =C3=A0 =C2=AB pr=C3=A9parer le r=C3=A9sident= =C3=A0 la transition =C2=BB=2C en l=E2=80=99informant sur les aspect= s p=C3=A9cuniaires (loyer et charges) et juridiques (salubrit=C3=A9=2C =C3= =A9tat des lieux=2C contrat de bail) d=E2=80=99une habitation. Enfin=2C le= centre =C2=AB peut aider =C2=BB les migrants =C3=A0 d=C3=A9m=C3= =A9nager=2C notamment en prodiguant une s=C3=A9rie de conseils (aff=C3=A9r= ents =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99ouverture des compteurs par exemple).
Par ailleurs=2C les =C3=A9trangers autoris=C3=A9s =C3=A0 s=C3=A9journer su= r le territoire sont admis =C3=A0 faire venir leur famille=E2=80=A6 mais u= niquement (ce que l=E2=80=99on sait moins) s=E2=80=99ils disposent sur le= sol belge d=E2=80=99un =C2=AB logement suffisant pour pouvoir r= ecevoir le ou les membres de sa famille qui demandent =C3=A0 le rejoindre&= nbsp;=C2=BB[1]. Il s=E2=80=99agit de la sorte d=E2=80=99emp=C3=AAcher le regroupement f= amilial dans l=E2=80=99hypoth=C3=A8se o=C3=B9 l=E2=80=99=C3=A9tranger habi= terait en Belgique dans des conditions de salubrit=C3=A9 radicalement cont= raires =C3=A0 la dignit=C3=A9 humaine=2C ce qui risque de placer les int= =C3=A9ress=C3=A9s sous la coupe de v=C3=A9ritables =C2=AB marchands d= e sommeil =C2=BB. Malheureusement=2C les normes de salubrit=C3=A9 aux= quelles cette l=C3=A9gislation renvoie sont =C3=A9lev=C3=A9es=2C ce qui ri= sque de rendre impossible de facto tout regroupement familial.  
III. Le migrant en s=C3=A9jour irr=C3=A9gulier
 
Le sans-papier peut-il signer un contrat de bail ? Oui ! La pr= =C3=A9carit=C3=A9 administrative qui caract=C3=A9rise les migrants d=C3=A9= bout=C3=A9s du droit d=E2=80=99asile ne les emp=C3=AAche aucunement de pas= ser convention locative=2C ni m=C3=AAme de faire valoir leurs droits en ju= stice (au cas o=C3=B9 le bailleur m=C3=A9conna=C3=AEtrait ses obligations)= =2E Aucune disposition civile ou judiciaire ne subordonne l=E2=80=99exercice= de ces pr=C3=A9rogatives-l=C3=A0 =C3=A0 la r=C3=A9gularit=C3=A9 du statut= =2E
Qu=E2=80=99en est-il maintenant du point de vue du bailleur = ? Que risque-t-il=2C autrement dit=2C en passant convention avec un tel mi= grant ? D=E2=80=99un c=C3=B4t=C3=A9=2C est puni d'un emprisonnement (de hu= it jours =C3=A0 un an) et d'une amende (de mille sept cents euros =C3=A0 s= ix mille euros)=2C ou d'une de ces peines seulement=2C =C2=AB quiconq= ue aide sciemment ou tente d=E2=80=99aider une personne non ressortissante= d'un Etat membre de l'Union europ=C3=A9enne =C3=A0 p=C3=A9n=C3=A9trer ou= =C3=A0 s=C3=A9journer sur le territoire d'un Etat membre [=E2=80=A6] en= violation de la l=C3=A9gislation de cet Etat =C2=BB[2]. D=E2=80=99un autre=2C tou= tefois=2C ces sanctions p=C3=A9nales tombent =C2=AB si l'aide est off= erte pour des raisons principalement humanitaires =C2=BB[3]. Tout d=C3=A9pendra en= fait de la hauteur du loyer ; celui-ci d=C3=A9passerait-il (outranci= =C3=A8rement) les plafonds commun=C3=A9ment admis en la mati=C3=A8re[4] que le bailleur= =2C alors=2C serait convaincu d=E2=80=99exploitation de la mis=C3= =A8re d=E2=80=99autrui=2C tombant au passage sous le coup de la l=C3=A9gis= lation du 10 ao=C3=BBt 2005 relative aux marchands de sommeil. En revanche= =2C un loyer correct=2C en phase avec les valeurs du march=C3=A9 (et en ra= pport avec la qualit=C3=A9 de l=E2=80=99habitation)=2C ne devrait pas valo= ir au bailleur de poursuite r=C3=A9pressive.
 
 
DROIT EUROP=C3=89EN
 
I. La condamnation (r=C3=A9p=C3=A9t=C3=A9e) de la Belgique pour la d=C3= =A9ficience dans l=E2=80=99h=C3=A9bergement des migrants
 
a) Cour europ=C3=A9enne des droits de l=E2=80=99homme=2C arr=C3=AAt V.= M. et autres c. Belgique=2C 7 juillet 2015
 
L=E2=80=99article 3 de la Convention europ=C3=A9enne des droits de l=E2=80= =99homme prohibe les traitements inhumains et d=C3=A9gradants. Certes la B= elgique offre-t-elle aux candidats r=C3=A9fugi=C3=A9s un h=C3=A9bergement= durant l=E2=80=99examen de leur dossier=2C mais il est permis de s=E2=80= =99interroger sur l=E2=80=99apr=C3=A8s=2C c=E2=80=99est-=C3=A0-di= re sur les conditions de s=C3=A9jour chez nous des demandeurs d=E2=80=99as= ile qui ont vu leur requ=C3=AAte rejet=C3=A9e et qui=2C de ce fai= t=2C sont condamn=C3=A9s =C3=A0 quitter le centre d=E2=80=99accueil (et=2C= th=C3=A9oriquement=2C =C3=A0 rentrer dans la foul=C3=A9e dans leur pays).= Dans arr=C3=AAt V.M. et autres c. Belgique=2C la Cour a jug=C3= =A9 que les requ=C3=A9rants se sont trouv=C3=A9s=2C =C3=A0 partir de leur= expulsion du centre d=E2=80=99accueil=2C =C2=AB sans moyen de subsis= tance =C2=BB=2C =C2=AB sans logement =C2=BB et =C2=AB = sans acc=C3=A8s =C3=A0 des installations sanitaires =C2=BB ; =C3= =A0 la rue=2C =C2=AB ils rest=C3=A8rent l=C3=A0 =E2=80=93 sans aide p= our faire face =C3=A0 leurs besoins les plus =C3=A9l=C3=A9mentaires : se n= ourrir=2C se laver et se loger =C2=BB.
Et la circonstance (susceptible de d=C3=A9douaner l=E2=80=99=C3=89tat belg= e) que les centres d=E2=80=99h=C3=A9bergement affichaient de toute fa=C3= =A7on complet ? Elle est irrelevante=2C r=C3=A9torque la Cour. =C2=AB=  Nonobstant le fait que la situation de crise =C3=A9tait une situatio= n exceptionnelle =C2=BB=2C les autorit=C3=A9s nationales ont =C2=AB&n= bsp;manqu=C3=A9 =C3=A0 leur obligation de ne pas exposer les requ=C3=A9ran= ts =C3=A0 des conditions de d=C3=A9nuement extr=C3=AAme pendant quatre sem= aines =C2=BB. Aussi=2C =C2=AB les requ=C3=A9rants ont ainsi =C3= =A9t=C3=A9 victimes d=E2=80=99un traitement t=C3=A9moignant d=E2=80=99un m= anque de respect pour leur dignit=C3=A9 =C2=BB=2C =C3=A9tant entendu= que =C2=AB cette situation a=2C sans aucun doute=2C suscit=C3=A9 che= z eux des sentiments de peur=2C d=E2=80=99angoisse ou d=E2=80=99inf=C3=A9r= iorit=C3=A9 propres =C3=A0 conduire au d=C3=A9sespoir =C2=BB. Conclus= ion : =C2=AB de telles conditions d=E2=80=99existence=2C combin= =C3=A9es avec l=E2=80=99absence de perspective de voir leur situation s=E2= =80=99am=C3=A9liorer=2C ont atteint le seuil de gravit=C3=A9 requis par l= =E2=80=99article 3 de la Convention et constituent un traitement d=C3=A9gr= adant =C2=BB[= 5].
 
b) Comit=C3=A9 europ=C3=A9en des droits sociaux=2C d=C3=A9cision D=C3= =A9fense des enfants International c. Belgique=2C 23 octobre 2012
 
L=E2=80=99article 17 de la Charte sociale europ=C3=A9enne r=C3=A9vis=C3=A9= e proclame le droit des mineurs =C3=A0 une protection sociale=2C juridique= et =C3=A9conomique. Sur cette base=2C le Comit=C3=A9 europ=C3=A9en des dr= oits sociaux (charg=C3=A9 de contr=C3=B4ler le respect d=C3=BB par les =C3= =89tats parties =C3=A0 la Charte) a condamn=C3=A9 la Belgique car =C2=AB d= epuis 2009=2C aucun logement en centre d=E2=80=99accueil n=E2=80=99a [=E2= =80=A6] =C3=A9t=C3=A9 garanti aux mineurs =C3=A9trangers accompagn=C3=A9s= en s=C3=A9jour irr=C3=A9gulier (ni par le r=C3=A9seau de FEDASIL=2C ni pa= r d=E2=80=99autres solutions alternatives) =C2=BB. Or=2C =C2=AB = la carence persistante relative =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99accueil de ces mineurs d= =C3=A9montre en particulier que le Gouvernement n=E2=80=99a pas pris les m= esures n=C3=A9cessaires et appropri=C3=A9es pour assurer aux mineurs en qu= estion les soins et l=E2=80=99assistance dont il ont besoin=2C aussi bien= que pour les prot=C3=A9ger contre la n=C3=A9gligence=2C la violence ou l= =E2=80=99exploitation=2C en causant ainsi un risque s=C3=A9rieux pour la j= ouissance de leurs droits les plus fondamentaux=2C tels que le droit =C3= =A0 la vie=2C =C3=A0 l=E2=80=99int=C3=A9grit=C3=A9 psychophysique et au re= spect de la dignit=C3=A9 humaine =C2=BB. De m=C3=AAme=2C =C2=AB = le fait qu=E2=80=99au moins 461 mineurs =C3=A9trangers non accompagn=C3=A9= s n=E2=80=99aient pas =C3=A9t=C3=A9 accueillis en 2011=2C et les probl=C3= =A8mes pos=C3=A9s par l=E2=80=99accueil inappropri=C3=A9 dans les h=C3=B4t= els=2C conduisent le Comit=C3=A9 =C3=A0 consid=C3=A9rer que le Gouvernemen= t n=E2=80=99a pas pris des mesures suffisantes pour assurer aux mineurs= =C3=A9trangers non accompagn=C3=A9s non demandeurs d=E2=80=99asile les so= ins et l=E2=80=99assistance dont ils ont besoin=2C en exposant ainsi un no= mbre important d=E2=80=99enfants et d=E2=80=99adolescents =C3=A0 de graves= risques pour leur vie et leur sant=C3=A9 =C2=BB.
 
II. Extension aux migrants en situation irr=C3=A9guli=C3=A8re de la pro= tection offerte par la Charte sociale r=C3=A9vis=C3=A9e en ce qui concerne= les expulsions de camp (Comit=C3=A9 europ=C3=A9en des droits sociaux= =2C d=C3=A9cision M=C3=A9decins du monde c. France=2C 11 septembre 2012)  
=C3=80 propos de la =C2=AB port=C3=A9e de la Charte sociale europ=C3= =A9enne r=C3=A9vis=C3=A9e en ce qui concerne les personnes prot=C3=A9g=C3= =A9es =C2=BB=2C l=E2=80=99Annexe =C3=A0 la Charte sociale europ=C3=A9= enne r=C3=A9vis=C3=A9e d=C3=A9clare expressis verbis ne viser =C2= =AB les =C3=A9trangers que dans la mesure o=C3=B9 ils sont des ressor= tissants des autres Parties r=C3=A9sidant l=C3=A9galement ou trav= aillant r=C3=A9guli=C3=A8rement sur le territoire de la Partie int=C3=A9re= ss=C3=A9e =C2=BB. Pour cr=C3=A2ne soit-elle=2C cette mise en garde n= =E2=80=99a pas emp=C3=AAch=C3=A9 le Comit=C3=A9 europ=C3=A9en des droits s= ociaux de condamner la France pour la fa=C3=A7on dont elle a expuls=C3=A9= des Roms migrants (en situation irr=C3=A9guli=C3=A8re pour beaucoup d=E2= =80=99entre eux) de leurs camps et installations ; entres autres=2C v= iolences physiques et destructions de biens ont =C3=A9maill=C3=A9 les inte= rventions polici=C3=A8res.
Comment=2C plus pr=C3=A9cis=C3=A9ment=2C le Comit=C3=A9 est-il parvenu =C3= =A0 fonder en droit sa d=C3=A9cision (vu l=E2=80=99Annexe) ? Par le r= ecours =C3=A0 la notion de dignit=C3=A9 humaine. On s=E2=80=99accorde clas= siquement =C3=A0 reconna=C3=AEtre que l=E2=80=99inconditionnalit=C3=A9 car= act=C3=A9risant celle-ci r=C3=A9cuse toute diff=C3=A9renciation dans l=E2= =80=99octroi des droits les plus essentiels. Ainsi=2C =C2=AB les pers= onnes qui ne r=C3=A9pondent pas =C3=A0 la d=C3=A9finition de l=E2=80=99Ann= exe ne sauraient =C3=AAtre priv=C3=A9es des droits =C3=A0 la vie et =C3=A0= la dignit=C3=A9 que leur conf=C3=A8re la Charte =C2=BB=2C appuie le= Comit=C3=A9=2C pour lequel =C2=AB la restriction figurant au paragra= phe 1er de l=E2=80=99Annexe concerne un large =C3=A9ventail de= droits sociaux et les affecte diversement et que cette restriction ne doi= t pas produire des cons=C3=A9quences pr=C3=A9judicielles d=C3=A9raisonnabl= es lorsque la protection des groupes vuln=C3=A9rables est en jeu =C2= =BB.
 
 
[= 1] Art. 10=2C =C2=A72=2C al. 2=2C de la loi du 15 d=C3=A9cembre 1980.=
[= 2] Art. 77=2C al. 1er=2C de la loi du 15 d=C3=A9cembre 198= 0.
[= 3] Art. 77=2C al. 2=2C de la loi du 15 d=C3=A9cembre 1980.
[= 4] =C3=80 cet effet=2C on se r=C3=A9f=C3=A9rera utilement =C3=A0 la g= rille de loyers indicative telle qu=E2=80=99adopt=C3=A9e (en premi=C3=A8re= lecture) par le Gouvernement de la R=C3=A9gion de Bruxelles-Capitale ce 2= 4 novembre 2016.
[= 5] La Cour europ=C3=A9enne=2C en configuration de grande chambre (=C3= =A0 laquelle le gouvernement belge avait renvoy=C3=A9 la cause)=2C vient c= ependant de revoir sa position ce 17 novembre 2016=2C pour d=C3=A9cider pu= rement et simplement de rayer l=E2=80=99affaire du r=C3=B4le=2C pour des r= aisons =C3=A9trang=C3=A8res au fond.
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NEWS FROM HOU= SING RIGHTS WATCH

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Reminder:

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Our by-ann= ual newsletter is replaced by the periodical publication of articles and a= nalysis drafted by Housing Rights Watch network members. Contact= us to share your publications on Housing Rights !
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In order t= o follow other analysis=2C news about Housing Rights and our jurisprudence= database=2C check out the Housing Rights Watch website : www.h= ousingrightswatch.org
Follow us on Twitter @rightohousin= g and Facebook too.
 
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Pour en savoir plus...
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